Could microalgae be a strategic choice for responding to the demand for omega-3 fatty acids? A European perspective

Trends in Food Science & Technology - Tập 121 - Trang 142-155 - 2022
Chiara Magoni1, Stefano Bertacchi1, Chiara Maria Giustra2, Lorenzo Guzzetti1, Radiana Cozza3, Michele Ferrari3, Anna Torelli4, Matteo Marieschi4, Danilo Porro1,5, Paola Branduardi1, Massimo Labra2
1Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126, Milano, Italy
2Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
3Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
4Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
5Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), C.N.R. (National Research Council), Via F.lli Cervi, 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy

Tài liệu tham khảo

Acién, 2012, Production cost of a real microalgae production plant and strategies to reduce it, Biotechnology Advances, 30, 1344, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.02.005 Ahmann, 2011, Identification of a Δ4-desaturase from the microalga Ostreococcus lucimarinus, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 113, 832, 10.1002/ejlt.201100069 Ahuja, 2020 Alfio, 2021, From fish waste to value: An overview of the sustainable recovery of omega-3 for food supplements, Molecules, 26, 1002, 10.3390/molecules26041002 Ameen, 2021, Marine microorganisms as an untapped source of bioactive compounds, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28, 224, 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.052 Andrich, 2005, Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive lipids from the microalga Nannochloropsissp, European Journal Of Lipid Science And Technology, 107, 381, 10.1002/ejlt.200501130 An, 2013, Expression of fatty acid desaturase genes and fatty acid accumulation in Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L under salt stress, Bioresource Technology, 149, 77, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.027 Araújo, 2019 Artamonova, 2017, Lipid content and fatty acid composition of Porosira glacialis and Attheya longicornis in response to carbon dioxide (CO2) aeration, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0177703 Banskota, 2018, Antioxidant properties and lipid composition of selected microalgae, Journal of Applied Phycology, 31, 309, 10.1007/s10811-018-1523-1 Batista, 2013, Comparison of microalgal biomass profiles as novel functional ingredient for food products, Algal Research, 2, 164, 10.1016/j.algal.2013.01.004 Bayne, 2017 Beal, 2018, Marine microalgae commercial production improves sustainability of global fisheries and aquaculture, Scientific Reports, 8, 1, 10.1038/s41598-018-33504-w Bellou, 2012, Lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesized by zygomycetes grown on glycerol, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 166, 146, 10.1007/s12010-011-9411-z Bertacchi, 2021, Interdependence between lignocellulosic biomasses, enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast cell factories in biorefineries Berthold, 2020, Omega-7 producing alkaliphilic diatom Fistulifera sp. (Bacillario-phyceae) from lake Okeechobee, Florida. Algae, 91, 10.4490/algae.2020.35.12.16 Bhosale, 2010, Dunaliella salina Teod. As a prominent source of eicosapentaenoic acid, International Journal on Algae, 12, 185, 10.1615/InterJAlgae.v12.i2.70 Bigogno, 2002, Lipid and fatty acid composition of the green oleaginous alga Parietochloris incisa, the richest plant source of arachidonic acid, Phytochemistry, 60, 497, 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00100-0 Boelen, 2013, On the potential application of polar and temperate marine microalgae for EPA and DHA production, AMB Express, 3, 1, 10.1186/2191-0855-3-26 Borowitzka, 2016, The physiology of microalgae Burdge, 2004, α-Linolenic acid metabolism in men and women: Nutritional and biological implications, Vol. 7, 137 Byreddy, 2016, Bead milling for lipid recovery from thraustochytrid cells and selective hydrolysis of Schizochytrium DT3 oil using lipase, Bioresource Technology, 464, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.019 Byreddy, 2015, Comparison of cell disruption methods for improving lipid extraction from thraustochytrid strains, Marine Drugs, 13, 5111, 10.3390/md13085111 Calder, 2017, Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: From molecules to man, Biochemical Society Transactions, 45, 1105, 10.1042/BST20160474 Calder, 2009, Understanding omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Postgraduate Medicine, 121, 148, 10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2083 Camacho-Rodríguez, 2013, A low-cost culture medium for the production of Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass optimized for aquaculture, Bioresource Technology, 144, 57, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.083 Chalima, 2019, Integration of a dark fermentation effluent in a microalgal-based biorefinery for the production of high-added value omega-3 fatty acids, Applied Energy, 241, 130, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.058 Chauton, 2015, A techno-economic analysis of industrial production of marine microalgae as a source of EPA and DHA-rich raw material for aquafeed: Research challenges and possibilities, Aquaculture, 436, 95, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.038 Chen, 2012, The biomass and total lipid content and composition of twelve species of marine diatoms cultured under various environments, Food Chemistry, 131, 211, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.062 Chen, 2012, Effects of dietary essential fatty acids on reproduction rates of a subtropical calanoid copepod, Acartia erythraea, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 455, 95, 10.3354/meps09685 Chen, 2011, Influence of iron on fatty acid and sterol composition of marine phytoplankton and copepod consumers, Limnology & Oceanography, 56, 716, 10.4319/lo.2011.56.2.0716 Cobos, 2020, Nutritional evaluation and human health-promoting potential of compounds biosynthesized by native microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36, 1, 10.1007/s11274-020-02896-1 Cohen, 2010, Searching for polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich photosynthetic microalgae, 201 Couto, 2010, Supercritical fluid extraction of lipids from the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii, Engineering in Life Science, 10, 158, 10.1002/elsc.200900074 Davis, 2011, Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production, Applied Energy, 88, 3524, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.018 Dewapriya, 2014, Marine microorganisms: An emerging avenue in modern nutraceuticals and functional foods, Vol. 56, 115 Diao, 2020, Cellular engineering strategies toward sustainable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids production: State of the art and perspectives, Biotechnology Advances, 40, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107497 Dolch, 2017, A palmitic acid elongase affects eicosapentaenoic acid and plastidial monogalactosyldiacylglycerol levels in Nannochloropsis, Plant Physiology, 173, 742, 10.1104/pp.16.01420 Domergue, 2005, In vivo characterization of the first acyl-CoA Δ6- desaturase from a member of the plant kingdom, the microalga Ostreococcus tauri, Biochemical Journal, 389, 483, 10.1042/BJ20050111 Enzing, 2014, Microalgae-based products for the food and feed sector: An outlook for Europe, JRC Scientific and Policy Reports, 19 2017, Commission implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470 of 20 December 2017 establishing the Union list of novel foods in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council on novel foods, Vol. 351 2018 2019, A European green deal | European commission, Vol. 24 2016, The State of world fisheries and aquaculture, Choice Reviews Online, 50 2017, The future of food and agriculture Finco, 2017, Technological trends and market perspectives for production of microbial oils rich in omega-3, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 37, 656, 10.1080/07388551.2016.1213221 Fradique, 2010, Incorporation of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina maxima biomass in pasta products. Part 1: Preparation and evaluation, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90, 1656, 10.1002/jsfa.3999 Frewer, 2017, Consumer acceptance and rejection of emerging agrifood technologies and their applications, European Review of Agricultural Economics, 44, 683, 10.1093/erae/jbx007 Fu, 2019, Advances in microalgal research and engineering development, Vol. 59, 157 Galarza, 2016, Cisgenesis and intragenesis in microalgae: Promising advancements towards sustainable metabolites production, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100, 10225, 10.1007/s00253-016-7948-z Gan, 2018, Engineering the chloroplast genome of oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica, Frontiers of Plant Science, 9, 439, 10.3389/fpls.2018.00439 García-Segovia, 2020, Consumer perception and acceptability of microalgae based breadstick, Food Science and Technology International, 26, 493, 10.1177/1082013220906235 Gasco, 2020, Insect and fish by-products as sustainable alternatives to conventional animal proteins in animal nutrition, Italian Journal of Animal Science, 19, 360, 10.1080/1828051X.2020.1743209 Gellenbeck, 2012, Utilization of algal materials for nutraceutical and cosmeceutical applications-what do manufacturers need to know?, Journal of Applied Phycology, 24, 309, 10.1007/s10811-011-9722-z Ghosh, 2016, Progress toward isolation of strains and genetically engineered strains of microalgae for production of biofuel and other value added chemicals: A review, Energy Conversion and Management, 113, 104, 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.050 Global Industry Analysts Greenwell, 2010, Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: A review of the technological challenges, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 7, 703, 10.1098/rsif.2009.0322 Griffiths, 2012, Lipid productivity, settling potential and fatty acid profile of 11 microalgal species grown under nitrogen replete and limited conditions, Journal of Applied Phycology, 24, 989, 10.1007/s10811-011-9723-y Guedes, 2011, Fatty acid composition of several wild microalgae and cyanobacteria, with a focus on eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and α-linolenic acids for eventual dietary uses, Food Research International, 44, 2721, 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.05.020 Hamilton, 2014, Metabolic engineering of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the enhanced accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, Metabolic Engineering, 22, 3, 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.12.003 Hamilton, 2020, Systems approach to quantify the global omega-3 fatty acid cycle, Nature Food, 1, 59, 10.1038/s43016-019-0006-0 Haslam, 2020, Overexpression of an endogenous type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum enhances lipid production and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content, Biotechnology for Biofuels, 13, 1, 10.1186/s13068-020-01726-8 Hegde, 2016, Omega-3 fatty acids: Keys to nutritional health, Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Keys to Nutritional Health, 1 He, 2019, Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a Δ12-fatty acid desaturase from the Antarctic microalga Chlamydomonas sp, ICE-L. 3 Biotech, 9, 1 Huang, 2013, Effects of nitrogen supplementation of the culture medium on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid profiles of three microalgae (Tetraselmis subcordiformis, Nannochloropsis oculata and Pavlova viridis), Journal of Applied Phycology, 25, 129, 10.1007/s10811-012-9846-9 Huang, 2020, Carbon partitioning and lipid remodeling during phosphorus and nitrogen starvation in the marine microalga Diacronema lutheri (Haptophyta), Journal of Phycology, 56, 908, 10.1111/jpy.12995 Huerlimann, 2010, Growth, lipid content, productivity, and fatty acid composition of tropical microalgae for scale-up production, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 107, 245, 10.1002/bit.22809 Innis, 2003, Perinatal biochemistry and physiology of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, The Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 1, 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00396-2 Isleten Hosoglu, 2018, Aroma characterization of five microalgae species using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry, Food Chemistry, 240, 1210, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.052 Jiang, 2004, Effects of lowering temperature during culture on the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae), Journal of Phycology, 40, 651, 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03112.x Juntila, 2015, Biomass and lipid production of a local isolate Chlorella sorokiniana under mixotrophic growth conditions, Bioresource Technology, 191, 395, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.098 Kannan, 2021, Microbial production of omega-3 fatty acids: An overview, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 1 Khozin-Goldberg, 2016, Microalgae as a source for VLC-PUFA production, Subcellular Biochemistry, 86, 471, 10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_19 Kim, 2013, Ultrasound-assisted extraction of lipids from Chlorella vulgaris using [Bmim][MeSO4], Biomass and Bioenergy, 56, 99, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.04.022 Kobayashi, 2011, Increase of eicosapentaenoic acid in thraustochytrids through thraustochytrid ubiquitin promoter-driven expression of a fatty acid Δ5 desaturase gene, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77, 3870, 10.1128/AEM.02664-10 Kris-Etherton, 2002, Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease, Circulation, 106, 2747, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94 Lafarga, 2019, Effect of microalgae incorporation on the physicochemical, nutritional, and sensorial properties of an innovative broccoli soup, Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie, 111, 167, 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.037 Lang, 2011, Fatty acid profiles and their distribution patterns in microalgae: A comprehensive analysis of more than 2000 strains from the SAG culture collection, BMC Plant Biology, 11, 1 Lee, 2015, Simultaneous treatment (cell disruption and lipid extraction) of wet microalgae using hydrodynamic cavitation for enhancing the lipid yield, Bioresource Technology, 186, 246, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.045 Leslie, 2015, A review of the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood triacylglycerol levels in normolipidemic and borderline hyperlipidemic individuals, Lipids in Health and Disease, 14, 10.1186/s12944-015-0049-7 Liang, 2006, Effects of nitrogen source and UV radiation on the growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and fatty acid composition of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Chaetoceros muelleri (Bacillariophyceae), Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 82, 161, 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.11.002 Liang, 2020, Transgenic microalgae as bioreactors, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60, 3195, 10.1080/10408398.2019.1680525 Long, 2020, The design and testing of a tool for developing responsible innovation in start-up enterprises, Journal of Responsible Innovation, 7, 45, 10.1080/23299460.2019.1608785 Maadane, 2015, Antioxidant activity of some Moroccan marine microalgae: Pufa profiles, carotenoids and phenolic content, Journal of Biotechnology, 215, 13, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.400 Ma, 2014, Effects of ultrasonic and microwave pretreatments on lipid extraction of microalgae, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 37, 1543, 10.1007/s00449-014-1126-4 Magoni, 2018, 65 Makri, 2011, Lipid synthesized by micro-algae grown in laboratory- and industrial-scale bioreactors, Engineering in Life Science, 11, 52, 10.1002/elsc.201000086 Malcicka, 2018, An evolutionary perspective on linoleic acid synthesis in animals, Evolutionary Biology, 45, 15, 10.1007/s11692-017-9436-5 Martin-Creuzburg, 2010, Interactions between limiting nutrients: Consequences for somatic and population growth of Daphnia magna, Limnology & Oceanography, 55, 2597, 10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2597 Matos, 2016, Chemical characterization of six microalgae with potential utility for food application, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 93, 963, 10.1007/s11746-016-2849-y Mendes, 2007, DHA concentration and purification from the marine heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii CCMP 316 by winterization and urea complexation, Food Technology and Biotechnology, 45, 38 Menegol, 2017, Effect of temperature and nitrogen concentration on biomass composition of Heterochlorella luteoviridis, Food Science and Technology, 37, 28, 10.1590/1678-457x.13417 Merkx-Jacques, 2018, Engineering xylose metabolism in thraustochytrid T18 Biotechnology for Biofuels, Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11, 248, 10.1186/s13068-018-1246-1 Meyer, 2004, Novel fatty acid elongases and their use for the reconstitution of docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis, Journal of Lipid Research, 45, 1899, 10.1194/jlr.M400181-JLR200 Miller, 2014, Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, American Journal of Hypertension, 27, 885, 10.1093/ajh/hpu024 Mordor Intelligence Mozaffarian, 2011, Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58, 2047, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.063 Nagy, 2017, Importance of fatty acids in physiopathology of human body Napier, 2018 Natrah, 2007, Screening of Malaysian indigenous microalgae for antioxidant properties and nutritional value, Journal of Applied Phycology, 19, 711, 10.1007/s10811-007-9192-5 Nymark, 2016, A CRISPR/Cas9 system adapted for gene editing in marine algae, Scientific Reports, 6, 1, 10.1038/srep24951 Ohse, 2015, Lipid content and fatty acid profiles in ten species of microalgae, Idesia, 33, 93, 10.4067/S0718-34292015000100010 Öz, 2017, 23, 3 Pasquet, 2014, Fatty acids profile and temperature in the cultured marine diatom Odontella aurita, Journal of Applied Phycology, 26, 2265, 10.1007/s10811-014-0252-3 Patel, 2018, An overview of current pretreatment methods used to improve lipid extraction from oleaginous microorganisms, Molecules, 23 Patil, 2007, Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed, Aquaculture International, 15, 1, 10.1007/s10499-006-9060-3 Peltomaa, 2019, Comparison of diatoms and dinoflagellates from different habitats as sources of PUFAs, Marine Drugs, 17, 233, 10.3390/md17040233 Peltomaa, 2018, Marine cryptophytes are great sources of EPA and DHA, Marine Drugs, 16, 1 Peng, 2014, Delta 5 fatty acid desaturase upregulates the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 8773, 10.1021/jf5031086 Petrie, 2010, Isolation and characterisation of a high-efficiency desaturase and elongases from microalgae for transgenic LC-PUFA production, Marine Biotechnology, 12, 430, 10.1007/s10126-009-9230-1 Piasecka, 2020, Agro-industrial by-product in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture of Tetradesmus obliquus: Production of ω3 and ω6 essential fatty acids with biotechnological importance, Scientific Reports, 10, 1, 10.1038/s41598-020-63184-4 Poliner, 2018, Advanced genetic tools enable synthetic biology in the oleaginous microalgae Nannochloropsis sp, Plant Cell Reports, 37, 1383, 10.1007/s00299-018-2270-0 Poliner, 2018, A toolkit for Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779 enables gene stacking and genetic engineering of the eicosapentaenoic acid pathway for enhanced long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid production, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 16, 298, 10.1111/pbi.12772 Qiao, 2016, Effect of culture conditions on growth, fatty acid composition and DHA/EPA ratio of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Aquaculture, 452, 311, 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.11.011 Raatz, 2013, Issues of fish consumption for cardiovascular disease risk reduction, 5, 1081 Rai, 2017, Real-time iTRAQ-based proteome profiling revealed the central metabolism involved in nitrogen starvation induced lipid accumulation in microalgae, Scientific Reports, 7, 1, 10.1038/srep45732 Rasdi, 2014, Effect of N:P ratio on growth and chemical composition of Nannochloropsis oculata and Tisochrysis lutea, Journal of Applied Phycology, 27, 2221, 10.1007/s10811-014-0495-z Renaud, 2002, Effect of temperature on growth, chemical composition and fatty acid composition of tropical Australian microalgae grown in batch cultures, Aquaculture, 211, 195, 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00875-4 Ren, 2020, Enhanced microalgal growth and lipid accumulation by addition of different nanoparticles under xenon lamp illumination, Bioresource Technology, 297, 122409, 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122409 Ren, 2017, Enhancement of docosahexaenoic acid synthesis by manipulation of antioxidant capacity and prevention of oxidative damage in Schizochytrium sp, Bioresource Technology, 223, 141, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.040 Ren, 2019, Enhanced biomass and lipid accumulation of mixotrophic microalgae by using low-strength ultrasonic stimulation, Bioresource Technology, 272, 606, 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.058 Roleda, 2013, Effects of temperature and nutrient regimes on biomass and lipid production by six oleaginous microalgae in batch culture employing a two-phase cultivation strategy, Bioresource Technology, 129, 439, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.043 Rumin, 2020, Analysis of scientific research driving microalgae market opportunities in Europe, Marine Drugs, 18, 10.3390/md18050264 Sakai, 2017, Fish oil omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids attenuate oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in vascular endothelial cells, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0187934 Samarasinghe, 2012, Algal cell rupture using high pressure homogenization as a prelude to oil extraction, Renewable Energy, 48, 300, 10.1016/j.renene.2012.04.039 Santos-Sánchez, 2016, Lipids rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100, 8667, 10.1007/s00253-016-7818-8 Schiano di Visconte, 2019, The microalgae biorefinery: A perspective on the current status and future opportunities using genetic modification, Applied Sciences, 9, 4793, 10.3390/app9224793 Serif, 2018, One-step generation of multiple gene knock-outs in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum by DNA-free genome editing, Nature Communications, 9, 1, 10.1038/s41467-018-06378-9 Shi, 2018, Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by application of a delta-6 desaturase with the highest ALA catalytic activity in algae, Microbial Cell Factories, 17, 1, 10.1186/s12934-018-0857-3 da Silva, 2021, The role of heterotrophic microalgae in waste conversion to biofuels and bioproducts, Processes, 9, 1, 10.3390/pr9071090 Soares, 2019, Analysis of major carotenoids and fatty acid composition of freshwater microalgae, Heliyon, 5, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01529 Steinrücken, 2017, Bioprospecting North Atlantic microalgae with fast growth and high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content for microalgae-based technologies, Algal Research, 26, 392, 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.030 Steinrücken, 2018, Comparing EPA production and fatty acid profiles of three Phaeodactylum tricornutum strains under western Norwegian climate conditions, Algal Research, 30, 11, 10.1016/j.algal.2017.12.001 Suh, 2015, Fatty acid methyl ester profiles and nutritive values of 20 marine microalgae in Korea, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 8, 191, 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60313-8 Sun, 2018, Microalgae for the production of lipid and carotenoids: A review with focus on stress regulation and adaptation, Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11, 272, 10.1186/s13068-018-1275-9 Suzuki, 2018, Growth and LC-PUFA production of the cold-adapted microalga Koliella antarctica in photobioreactors, Journal of Applied Phycology, 31, 981, 10.1007/s10811-018-1606-z Tang, 2011, CO2 biofixation and fatty acid composition of Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa in response to different CO2 levels, Bioresource Technology, 102, 3071, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.047 Teronpi, 2017, Vol. 10, 1713 Terova, 2021, Using glycerol to produce European sea bass feed with oleaginous microbial biomass: Effects on growth performance, fillet fatty acid profile, and FADS2 gene expression, Frontiers in Marine Science, 1115 The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, 2015, Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European parliament and of the Council of 25 november 2015 on novel foods, amending regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European parliament and of the Council and repealing regulation (EC) No 258/97 etc, Official Journal of the European Union, 327, 1 Thiyagarajan, 2020, Identification and functional characterization of two novel fatty acid genes from marine microalgae for eicosapentaenoic acid production, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 190, 1371, 10.1007/s12010-019-03176-x Thompson, 2019, Omega-3 fatty acid intake by age, gender, and pregnancy status in the United States: National health and nutrition examination survey 2003–2014, Nutrients, 11, 10.3390/nu11010177 United Nations, 2016, THE 17 GOALS | sustainable development, Sustainable Development Vaezi, 2013, Identification and functional characterization of genes encoding omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic activities from unicellular microalgae, Marine Drugs, 11, 5116, 10.3390/md11125116 Vieler, 2012, Genome, functional gene annotation, and nuclear transformation of the Heterokont oleaginous alga Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779, PLoS Genetics, 8, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003064 van der Voort Wacker, 2016, Light-Induced changes in fatty acid profiles of specific lipid classes in several freshwater phytoplankton species, Frontiers of Plant Science, 264 Wacker, 2015, 50, 288 Wang, 2019, Influence of nitrogen limitation on lipid accumulation and EPA and DHA content in four marine microalgae for possible use in aquafeed, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 95, 10.3389/fmars.2019.00095 Wang, 2014, Biomass, total lipid production, and fatty acid composition of the marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri in response to different CO2 levels, Bioresource Technology, 161, 124, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.012 Wang, 2017, Enrichment of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by coordinated expression of multiple metabolic nodes in the oleaginous microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65, 7713, 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02397 Wang, 2016, Genome editing of model oleaginous microalgae Nannochloropsis spp. by CRISPR/Cas9, The Plant Journal, 88, 1071, 10.1111/tpj.13307 Wei, 2017, Long-duration effect of multi-factor stresses on the cellular biochemistry, oil-yielding performance and morphology of Nannochloropsis oculata, PLoS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0174646 Wenzel, 2012, Survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia galeata feeding on single and mixed Pseudomonas and Rhodomonas diets, Freshwater Biology, 57, 835, 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02751.x Weylandt, 2015 Wijffels, 2010, Microalgae for the production of bulk chemicals and biofuels, Vol. 4, 287 Xue, 2018, Edible oil production from microalgae: A review, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 120, 10.1002/ejlt.201700428 Yodsuwan, 2017, Effect of nitrogen concentration on growth, lipid production and fatty acid profiles of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 51, 190, 10.1016/j.anres.2017.02.004 Yu, 2020, One-step utilization of inulin for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by recombinant Aurantiochytrium sp. carrying Kluyveromyces marxianus inulinase, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 1, 3 Zárate, 2016, Importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine algae, Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Keys to Nutritional Health, 101, 10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5_9 Zhang, 2018, Functional characterization of a Δ6 fatty acid desaturase gene and its 5′-upstream region cloned from the arachidonic acidrich microalga Myrmecia incisa Reisigl (Chlorophyta), Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 36, 2308, 10.1007/s00343-019-7305-z