Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach
Tóm tắt
Compassionate mind training (CMT) was developed for people with high shame and self‐criticism, whose problems tend to be chronic, and who find self‐warmth and self‐acceptance difficult and/or frightening. This paper offers a short overview of the role of shame and self‐criticism in psychological difficulties, the importance of considering different types of affect system (activating versus soothing) and the theory and therapy process of CMT. The paper explores patient acceptability, understanding, abilities to utilize and practice compassion focused processes and the effectiveness of CMT from an uncontrolled trial. Six patients attending a cognitive–behavioural‐based day centre for chronic difficulties completed 12 two‐hour sessions in compassionate mind training. They were advised that this was part of a research programme to look at the process and effectiveness of CMT and to become active collaborators, advising the researchers on what was helpful and what was not. Results showed significant reductions in depression, anxiety, self‐criticism, shame, inferiority and submissive behaviour. There was also a significant increase in the participants' ability to be self‐soothing and focus on feelings of warmth and reassurance for the self. Compassionate mind training may be a useful addition for some patients with chronic difficulties, especially those from traumatic backgrounds, who may lack a sense of inner warmth or abilities to be self‐soothing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Allen N.B., 2005, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, 239
Andrews B., 1998, Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology and culture, 176, 10.1093/oso/9780195114799.003.0009
Baldwin M.W., 2005, Interpersonal cognition
Baldwin M.W., 2005, Interpersonal cognition, 33
Bates T., 2005, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, 369
Bowlby J., 1969, Attachment: Attachment and loss, Vol. 1
Bowlby J., 1980, Loss: Sadness and depression. Attachment and loss, Vol. 3
Cassidy J., 1999, Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications, 115
Cook D.R., 1993, The Internalized Shame Scale manual
Cook D.R., 1996, Knowing feeling: Affect, script and psychotherapy, 132
Cozolino L., 2002, The neuroscience of psychotherapy. Building and rebuilding the human brain
Ferguson E., 2005, A handbook of research methods in clinical and health psychology, 111
Field A., 2005, Discovering statistics using SPSS
Field T., 2000, Touch therapy
Gilbert P., 1984, Depression: From psychology to brain state
Gilbert P., 1989, Human nature and suffering
Gilbert P., 1992, Depression: The evolution of powerlessness
Gilbert P., 1998, Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology and culture, 3, 10.1093/oso/9780195114799.003.0001
Gilbert P., 2000, Genes on the couch: Explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy, 118
Gilbert P., 2003, Evolution, social roles, and differences in shame and guilt, Social Research, 70, 1205, 10.1353/sor.2003.0013
Gilbert P., 2005, Interpersonal cognition, 299
Gilbert P., The therapeutic relationship in the cognitive behavioural psychotherapies
Hackmann A., 2005, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, 352
Holmes J., 2001, The search for the secure base: Attachment theory and psychotherapy
Leahy R.L., 2005, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, 195
Lee D.A., 2005, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, 326
Leighton T.D., 2003, Faces of compassion: Classic Bodhisattva archetypes and their modern expression
Lewis M., 1992, Shame: The exposed self
Linehan M., 1993, Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder
McKay M., 1992, Self‐esteem: A proven program of cognitive techniques for assessing, improving, and maintaining your self‐esteem
Mikulincer M., 2004, Adult attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications, 159
Mikulincer M., 2005, Interpersonal cognition, 233
Neff K.D., in press). Accepting the human condition: Self‐compassion and its links to adaptive psychological functioning, Journal of Personality
Rein G., 1995, The physiological and psychological effects of compassion and anger, Journal for the Advancement of Medicine, 8, 87
Ringu Tilku Rinpoche, 2005, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, 218
Salkovskis P.M., 1996, Frontiers of cognitive therapy, 48
Savard J., 1998, Evaluating anxiety and depression in HIV‐infected patients, Journal of Personality Assessment, 7, 349, 10.1207/s15327752jpa7103_5
Scharffee J.S., 2003, Self hatred in psychoanalysis: Detoxifying the persecutory object
Schore A.N., 1994, Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development
Segal Z., 2002, Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for depression. A new approach to preventing relapse
Wang S., 2005, Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy, 75
Watkins E.(2005 Oct.).Rumination Workshop for Derbyshire Mental Health Trust.
Watkins M., 1986, Invisible guests: The development of imaginal dialogues
Wells A., 2000, Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy