Co-expression of interleukin-6 and human growth hormone in apparently normal prostate biopsies that ultimately progress to prostate cancer using low pH, high temperature antigen retrieval

Akakura K, Suzuki H, Ueda T, Komiya A, Ichikawa T, Igarashi T, Ito H (2003) Possible mechanism of dexamethasone therapy for prostate cancer: suppression of circulating level of interleuin-6. Prostate 56:106–109 Chopin LK, Veveris-Lowe TL, Philipps AF, Herington AC (2002) Co-expression of GH and GHR isoforms in prostate cancer cell lines. Growth Horm IGF Res 12:126–136 Chung TD, Yu JJ, Spiotto MT, Bartkowski M, Simons JW (1999) Characterization of the role of IL-6 in the progression of prostate cancer. Prostate 38:199–207 Culig Z, Bartsch G, Hobisch A (2002) Interleukin-6 regulates androgen receptor activity and prostate cancer cell growth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 197:231–238 Fasshauer M, Klein J, Lossner U, Paschke R (2003) Interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression is stimulated by insulin, isoproterenol, tumour necrosis factor alpha, growth hormone, and IL-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Horm Metab Res 35:147–152 Giri D, Ozen M, Ittmann M (2001) Interleukin-6 is an autocrine growth factor in human prostate cancer. Am J Pathol 159:2159–2165 Goh EL, Pircher TJ, Wood TJ, Norstedt G, Graichen R, Lobie PE (1997) Growth hormone-induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is not required for STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-5)-mediated transcription. Endocrinology 138:3207–3215 Hobisch A, Rogatsch H, Hittmair A, Fuchs D, Bartsch G Jr, Klocker H, Bartsch G, Culig Z (2000) Immunohistochemical localization of interleukin-6 and its receptor in benign, premalignant and malignant prostate tissue. J Pathol 191:239–244 Hull KL, Harvey S (2001) Growth hormone: roles in female reproduction. J Endocrinol 168:1–23 Ibanez L, Fucci A, Valls C, Ong K, Dunger D, de Zegher F (2005) Neutrophil count in small-for-gestational age children: contrasting effects of metformin and growth hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:3435–3439 Kaulsay KK, Mertani HC, Tornell J, Morel G, Lee KO, Lobie PE (1999) Autocrine stimulation of human mammary carcinoma cell proliferation by human growth hormone. Exp Cell Res 250:35–50 Khorram O, Garthwaite M, Grosen E, Golos T (2001) Human uterine and ovarian expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone messenger RNA in benign and malignant gynecologic conditions. Fertil Steril 75:174–179 Lee SO, Lou W, Hou M, de Miguel F, Gerber L, Gao AC (2003) Interleukin-6 promotes androgen-independent growth in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 9:370–376 Milch RA, Rall DP, Tobie JE (1957) Bone Localization of the Tetracyclines. J Natl Cancer Inst 19:87–93 Mukhina S, Mertani H, Guo K, Lee C, PD Gluckman, Lobie P (2004) Phenotypic conversion of human mammary carcinoma cells by autocrine human growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:1–6 Nakashima J, Tachibana M, Horiguchi Y, Oya M, Ohigashi T, Asakura H, Murai M (2000) Serum interleukin 6 as a prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6:2702–2706 Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Gleeson H (2004) Cancer risk following growth hormone use in childhood: implications for current practice. Drug Saf 27:369–382 Pagani S, Meazza C, Travaglino P, De Benedetti F, Tinelli C, Bozzola M (2005) Serum cytokine levels in GH-deficient children during substitutive GH therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 52:207–210 Park JI, Lee MG, Cho K, Park BJ, Chae KS, Byun DS, Ryu BK, Park YK, Chi SG (2003) Transforming growth factor-beta1 activates interleukin-6 expression in prostate cancer cells through the synergistic collaboration of the Smad2, p38-NF-kappaB, JNK, and Ras signaling pathways. Oncogene 22:4314–4332 Raccurt M, Lobie PE, Moudilou E, Garcia-Caballero T, Frappart L, Morel G, Mertani HC (2002) High stromal and epithelial human gh gene expression is associated with proliferative disorders of the mammary gland. J Endocrinol 175:307–318 Royuela M, Ricote M, Parsons MS, Garcia-Tunon I, Paniagua R, de Miguel MP (2004) Immunohistochemical analysis of the IL-6 family of cytokines and their receptors in benign, hyperplasic, and malignant human prostate. J Pathol 202:41–49 Schindler AE (2004) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for prevention of postoperative adhesions: an overview. Gynecol Endocrinol 19:51–55 Siejka A, Stepien T, Lawnicka H, Krupinski R, Komorowski J, Stepien H (2005) Effect of the growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH(1-44)NH2] on IL-6 and IL-8 secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Endocr Regul 39:7–11 Slater M (1999) Mitochondrial DNA damage assessment using fluorescence microscopy quantitation. J Histotechnol 22:17–21 Slater M, Murphy CR (1999) Detection of apoptotic DNA damage in prostate hyperplasia using tyramide-amplified avidin-HRP. Histochem J 31:747–749 Steiner H, Godoy-Tundidor S, Rogatsch H, Berger AP, Fuchs D, Comuzzi B, Bartsch G, Hobisch A, Culig Z (2003) Accelerated in vivo growth of prostate tumors that upregulate interleukin-6 is associated with reduced retinoblastoma protein expression and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Am J Pathol 162:655–663 Swolin D, Ohlsson C (1996) Growth hormone increases interleukin-6 produced by human osteoblast-like cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4329–4333 Triantafillidis JK, Merikas E, Govosdis V, Konstandellou E, Cheracakis P, Barbatzas C, Tzourmakliotis D, Peros G (2003) Increased fasting serum levels of growth hormone and gastrin in patients with gastric and large bowel cancer. Hepato-Gastroenterology 50(Suppl 2):cclvi–cclx Uronen-Hansson H, Allen ML, Lichtarowicz-Krynska E, Aynsley-Green A, Cole TJ, Hoiden-Guthenberg I, Fryklund L, Klein N (2003) Growth hormone enhances proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes in whole blood. Growth Horm IGF Res 13:282–286 Wang P, Li N, Li JS, Li WQ (2002)The role of endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 in inducing the state of growth hormone insensitivity. World J Gastroenterol 8:531–536 Yang L, Wang L, Lin HK, Kan PY, Xie S, Tsai MY, Wang PH, Chen YT, Chang C (2003) Interleukin-6 differentially regulates androgen receptor transactivation via PI3K-Akt, STAT3, and MAPK, three distinct signal pathways in prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305:462–469