Clinical trial results support a preference for using CLA preparations enriched with two isomers rather than four isomers in human studies

Ha, Y.L., Grimm, N.K., and Pariza, M.W. (1987) Anticarcinogens from Fried Ground Beef: Heat-Altered Derivatives of Linoleic Acid, Carcinogenesis 8, 1881–1887. Ip, C., Ip, M.M., Loftus, T., Shoemaker, S., and Shea-Eaton, W. (2000) Induction of Apoptosis by Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cultured Mammary Tumor Cells and Premalignant Lesions of the Rat Mammary Gland, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9, 689–696. Kritchevsky, D. (2000) Antimutagenic and Some Other Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Br. J. Nutr. 83, 459–465. Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E. (2000) Mechanisms of Action of Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Evidence and Speculation, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 223, 8–13. Lee, K.N., Kritchevsky, D., and Pariza, M.W. (1994) Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Atherosclerosis in Rabbits, Atherosclerosis 108, 19–25. Nicolosi, R.J., Rogers, E.J., Kritchevsky, D., Scimeca, J.A., and Huth, P.J. (1997) Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Plasma Lipoproteins and Early Aortic Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Hamsters, Artery 22, 266–277. Cook, M.E., Miller, C.C., Park, Y., and Pariza, M. (1993) Immune Modulation by Altered Nutrient Metabolism: Nutritional Control of Immune-Induced Growth Depression, Poult. Sci. 72, 1301–1305. Miller, C.C., Park, Y., Pariza, M.W., and Cook, M.E. (1994) Feeding Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198, 1107–1112. Chin, S.F., Storkson, J.M., Liu, W., Albright, K.J., and Pariza, M.W. (1994) Conjugated Linoleic Acid (9,11- and 10,12-octadecadienoic acid) Is Produced in Conventional but Not Germ-Free Rats Fed Linoleic Acid, J. Nutr. 124, 694–701. DeLany, J.P., Blohm, F., Truett, A.A., Scimeca, J.A., and West, D.B. (1999) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Rapidly Reduces Body Fat Content in Mice Without Affecting Energy Intake, Am. J. Physiol. 276, R1172-R1179. Park, Y., Storkson, J.M., Albright, K.J., Liu, W., and Pariza, M.W. (1999) Evidence That the trans-10,cis-12 Isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces Body Composition Changes in Mice, Lipids 34, 235–241. West, D.B., DeLany, J.P., Camet, P.M., Blohm, F., Truett, A.A. and Scimeca, J. (1998) Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Body Fat and Energy Metabolism in the Mouse, Am. J. Physiol. 275, R667-R672. Szymczyk, B., Pisulewski, P.M., Szczurek, W., and Hanczakowski, P. (2001) Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Growth Performance, Feed Conversion Efficiency, and Subsequent Carcass Quality in Broiler Chickens, Br. J. Nutr. 85, 465–473. Gavino, V.C., Gavino, G., Leblanc, M.J., and Tuchweber, B., (2000) An Isomeric Mixture of Conjugated Linoleic Acids but Not Pure cis-9,trans-11-Octadecadienoic Acid Affects Body Weight Gain and Plasma Lipids in Hamsters, J. Nutr. 130, 27–29. Dugan, M.E.R., Aalhus, J.L., Schaefer, A.L., and Kramer, J.K.G. (1997) The Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Fat to Lean Repartitioning and Feed Conversion in Pigs, Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 723–725. Sehat, N., Yurawecz, M.P., Roach, J.A., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K., and Ku, Y. (1998) Silver Ion High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation and Identification of Conjugated Linoleic and Isomers, Lipids 33, 217–221. Chin, S.F., Liu, W., Storkson, J.M., Ha, Y.L., and Pariza, M.W. (1992) Dietary Sources of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, a Newly Recognized Class of Anticarcinogens, J. Food Comp. Anal. 5, 185–197. McGuire, M.K., McGuire, M.A., Ritzenthaler, K., and Schultz, T.D. (1999) Dietary Sources and Intakes of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Humans, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research (Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 369–377, AOCS Press, Champaign. Yurawecz, M.P., Sehat, N., Mossoba, M.M., Roach, J.A.G. Kramer, J.K.G., and Ku, Y. (1999) Variations in Isomer Distribution in Commercially Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Fett/Lipid 101, 277–282. Padley, F.B., Gunstone, F.D., and Harwood, J.L. (1994) Occurrence and Characteristics of Oils and Fats, in The Lipid Handbook (Gunstone, F.D., Harwood, J.L., and Padley, F.B., eds.), pp. 47–224, Chapman & Hall, London. Saebo, A. (2001) Commercial Production of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), Lipid Technol. Newsl., 9–13. Baumgard, L.H., Corl, B.A., Dwyer, D.A., Saebo, A., and Bauman, D.E. (2000) Identification of the Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer That Inhibits Milk Fat Synthesis, Am. J. Physiol Regul. Integr. Comp Physiol 278, R179-R184. Christie, W.W., Dobson, G., and Gunstone, F.D. (1997) Isomers in Commerical Samples of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Lipids 32, 1231. Sébédio, J.-L., Juaneda, P., Dobson, G., Ramilison, I., Martin, J.C., Chardigny, J.M., and Christie, W.W. (1997) Metabolites of Conjugated Isomers of Linoleic Acid (CLA) in the Rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1345, 5–10. Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E. (2001) The Biologically Active Isomers of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Prog. Lipid Res. 40, 283–298. Riserus, U., Berglund, L., and Vessby, B. (2001) Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Reduced Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Obese Middle-Aged Men with Signs of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 25, 1129–1135. Banni, S., Angioni, E., Casu, V., Melis, M.P., Carta, G., Corongiu, F.P., Thompson, H., and Ip, C. (1999) Decrease in Linoleic Acid Metabolites as a Potential Mechanism in Cancer Risk Reduction by Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Carcinogenesis 20, 1019–1024. Ip, C., Chin, S.F., Scimeca, J.A., and Pariza, M.W. (1991) Mammary Cancer Prevention by Conjugated Dienoic Derivative of Linoleic Acid, Cancer Res. 51, 6118–6124. Noone, E.J., Roche, H.M., Nugent, A.P., and Gibney, M.J. (2002) The Effect of Dietary Supplementation Using Isomeric Blends of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Lipid Metabolism in Healthy Human Subjects, Br. J. Nutr. 88, 243–251. Kramer, J.K.G., Sehat, N., Dugan, M.E., Mossoba, M.M., Yurawecz, M.P., Roach, J.A., Eulitz, K., Aalhus, J.L., Schaefer, A.L., and Ku, Y. (1998) Distributions of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Isomers in Tissue Lipid Classes of Pigs Fed a Commercial CLA Mixture Determined by Gas Chromatography and Silver Ion-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Lipids 33, 549–558. Parodi, P.W. (1994) Conjugated Linoleic Acid: An Anticarcinogenic Fatty Acid Present in Milk Fat, Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 49, 93–97. Ip, C., Scimeca, J.A., and Thompson, H.J. (1994) Conjugated Linoleic Acid. A Powerful Anticarcinogen from Animal Fat Sources, Cancer 74, 1050–1054. Berven, G., Bye, A., Hals, O., Blankson, H., Faggertun, H., Thom, E., Wadstein, J., and Gudmundsen, O. (2000) Safety of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Overweight or Obese Human Volunteers, Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 102, 455–462. Blankson, H., Stakkestad, J.A., Fagertun, H., Thom, E., Wadstein, J., and Gudmundsen, O. (2000) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Fat Mass in Overweight and Obese Humans, J. Nutr. 130, 2943–2948. Benito, P., Nelson, G.J., Kelley, D.S., Bartolini, G., Schmidt, P.C., and Simon, V. (2001) The Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Platelet Function, Platelet Fatty Acid Composition, and Blood Coagulation in Humans, Lipids 36, 221–227. Benito, P., Nelson, G.J., Kelley, D.S., Bartolini, G., Schmidt, P.C., and Simon, V. (2001) The Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Plasma Lipoproteins and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition in Humans, Lipids 36, 229–236. Medina, E.A., Horn, W.F., Keim, N.L., Havel, P.J., Benito, P., Kelley, D.S., Nelson, G.J., and Erickson, K.L. (2000) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation in Humans: Effects on Circulating Leptin Concentrations and Appetite, Lipids 35, 783–788 Thom, E., Wadstein, J., and Gudmundsen, O. (2001) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Fat in Healthy Exercising Humans, J. Int. Med. Res. 29, 392–396. Zambell, K.L., Keim, N.L., Van Loan, M.D., Gale, B., Benito, P., Kelley, D.S., and Nelson, G.J. (2000) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation in Humans: Effects on Body Composition and Energy Expenditure, Lipids 35, 777–782. Zambell, K.L., Horn, W.F., and Keim, N.L. (2001) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation in Humans: Effects on fatty Acid and Glycerol Kinetics, Lipids 36, 767–772. Jahreis, G., and Loeffelholz, C.V. (2000) Influence of CLA Supplementation on Body Composition and Strength, in CLA: What's Going On? (Centre d'Etude sur la Recherche et l'Innovation, ed.), Vol. 4, pp. 2–3, CERIN, Paris. Smedman, A., and Vessby, B. (2001) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation in Humans—Metabolic Effects, Lipids 36, 773–781. Lowery, L.M., Appicelli, P., and Lemon, P.W.R. (1998) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Enhances Muscle Size, and Strength Gains in Novice Bodybuilders, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30, 182 (abstract 1038). Mohede, I., Albers R., van der Wielen, R., Brink, L., and Dorovska-Taran, V. (2001) Immunomodulation: CLA Stimulates Antigen Specific Antibody Production in Humans, 1st International Conference on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), Ålesund, Norway, p. 12 (abstract). Mougios, V., Matsakas, A., Rings, S., Petridou, A., Sagredos, A., Melissopoulou, A., and Tsigilis, N. (2001) Effects of Supplementation with Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Human Body Fat and Serum Lipids, J. Nutr. Biochem. 12, 585–594. Basu, S., Riserus, U., Turpeinen, A., and Vessby, B. (2000) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces Lipid Peroxidation in Men with Abnominal Obesity, Clin. Sci. (London) 99, 511–516. Basu, S., Smedman, A., and Vessby, B. (2001) Isomer Specific Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on Lipid Peroxidation and Its Regulation by COX2 Inhibitor and Vitamin E in Humans, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31 (Suppl. 1), 333 (abstract) Basu, S., Smedman, A., and Vessby, B. (2000) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces Lipid Peroxidation in Humans, FEBS Lett. 468, 33–36. Atkinson, R.L. (1999) Conjugated Linoleic Acid for Altering Body Composition and Treating Obesity, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research (Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 348–353, AOCS Press, Champaign. Riserus, U., Arner, P., Brismar, K., and Vessby, B. (2002) Treatment with Dietary trans10,cis12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes Isomer-Specific Insulin Resistance in Obese Men with the Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes Care 25, 1516–1521. Choi, Y., Kim, Y.C., Han, Y.B., Park, Y., Pariza, M.W., and Ntambi, J.M. (2000) The trans-10,cis-12 Isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Down Regulates Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 Gene Expression 3T3-L1 Adipocytes, J. Nutr. 130, 1920–1924. Ryder, J.W., Portocarrero, C.P., Song, X.M., Cui, L., Yu, M., Combatsiaris, T., Galuska, D., Bauman, D.E., Barbano, D.M., Charron, M.J., et al. (2001) Isomer-Specific Antidiabetic Properties of Conjugated Linoleic Acid. Improved Glucose Tolerance, Skeletal Muscle Insulin Action, and UCP-2 Gene Expression, Diabetes 50, 1149–1157. Belury, M.A. (2002) Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Health: Physiological Effects and Mechanisms of Action, Annu. Rev. Nutr. 22, 505–531. Kelley, D.S., Taylor, P.C., Rudolph, I.L., Benito, P., Nelson, G.J., Mackey, B.E., and Erickson, K.L. (2000) Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Did Not Alter Immune Status in Young Healthy Women, Lipids 35, 1065–1071. Kelley, D.S., Simon, V.A., Taylor, P.C., Rudolph, I.L., Benito, P., Nelson, G.J., Mackey, B.E., and Erickson, K.L. (2001) Dietary Supplementation with Conjugated Linoleic Acid Increased Its Concentration in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, but Did Not Alter Their Function, Lipids 36, 669–674. Kreider, R.B., Ferreira, M.P., Greenwood, M., Wilson, M., and Almada, A.L. (2002) Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation During Resistance-Training on Body Composition, Bone Density, Strength, and Selected Hematological Markers, J. Strength Cond. Res. 3, 325–334.