Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo

Hướng Dẫn Thực Hành Lâm Sàng về Phòng Ngừa và Quản Lý Đau, Kích Thích/An Thần, Mê Sảng, Bất động và Rối Loạn Giấc Ngủ ở Bệnh Nhân Người Lớn Tại ICU

Critical Care Medicine - Tập 46 Số 9 - Trang e825-e873 - 2018

John W. Devlin^1,2, Yoanna Skrobik^3,4, Céline Gélinas⁵, Dale M. Needham⁶, Arjen J. C. Slooter⁷, Pratik P. Pandharipande⁸, Paula L. Watson⁹, Gerald L. Weinhouse¹⁰, Mark Nunnally^11,12,13,14, Bram Rochwerg^15,16, Michele C. Balas^17,18, Mark van den Boogaard¹⁹, Karen J. Bosma^20,21, Nathan E. Brummel^22,23, Gérald Chanques^24,25, Linda Denehy²⁶, Xavier Drouot^27,28, Gilles L. Fraser²⁹, Jocelyn E. Harris³⁰, Aaron M. Joffe³¹, Michelle E. Kho³⁰, John P. Kress³², Julie Lanphere³³, Sharon McKinley³⁴, Karin J. Neufeld³⁵, Margaret A. Pisani³⁶, Jean‐François Payen³⁷, Brenda T. Pun²², Kathleen Puntillo³⁸, Richard R. Riker²⁹, Bryce R. H. Robinson³⁹, Yahya Shehabi⁴⁰, Paul M. Szumita⁴¹, Ramona O. Hopkins⁴², John Centofanti⁴³, Carrie Price⁴⁴, Sina Nikayin⁴⁵, Cheryl Misak⁴⁶, Pamela Flood⁴⁷, Ken Kiedrowski⁴⁸, Waleed Alhazzani^15,49

¹Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA

²School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA

³Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

⁴Regroupement de Soins Critiques Respiratoires, Réseau de Santé Respiratoire, Montreal, QC, Canada.

⁵Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

⁶Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

⁷Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

⁸Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

⁹Division of Sleep Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

¹⁰Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA.

¹¹Division of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care and Pain Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY.

¹²Division of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY.

¹³Division of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY.

¹⁴Division of Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY.

¹⁵Department of Health Research Methods, Impact, and Evidence, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

¹⁶Department of Medicine (Critical Care), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

¹⁷The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH

¹⁸The Ohio State University, College of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Critical and Complex Care, Columbus, OH.

¹⁹Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

²⁰Division of Critical Care, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.

²¹Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

²²Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN

²³Center for Quality Aging, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

²⁴Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Montpellier University Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier, France.

²⁵PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

²⁶Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

²⁷Faculte de Medecine Pharmacie, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.

²⁸Service de Neurophysiologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.

²⁹Department of Critical Care, Maine Medical Center and School of Medicine, Tufts University, Portland, ME.

³⁰School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

³¹Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

³²Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL

³³Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT.

³⁴School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.

³⁵Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD

³⁶Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT.

³⁷Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France

³⁸School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA

³⁹Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

⁴⁰Department of Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

⁴¹Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA

⁴²Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH

⁴³Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

⁴⁴Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md

⁴⁵Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.

⁴⁶Department of Philosophy, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA.

⁴⁷Division of Anesthesiology, Stanford University Hospital, Palo Alto, CA.

⁴⁸Patient and Family Advisory Committee, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.

⁴⁹Department of Medicine (Critical Care and Gastroenterology), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Tóm tắt

Mục tiêu:

Cập nhật và mở rộng Hướng Dẫn Thực Hành Lâm Sàng năm 2013 về Quản Lý Đau, Kích Thích, và Mê Sảng ở Bệnh Nhân Người Lớn trong ICU.

Thiết kế:

Ba mươi hai chuyên gia quốc tế, bốn phương pháp học, và bốn người sống sót sau bệnh nặng đã gặp nhau ảo ít nhất hàng tháng. Tất cả các nhóm chuyên khảo đã tập hợp lại mặt đối mặt tại các hội nghị thường niên của Hội Y Học Chăm Sóc Cấp Cứu; các kết nối ảo bao gồm những người không thể tham dự. Một chính sách mâu thuẫn lợi ích chính thức đã được phát triển trước và được thực thi trong suốt quá trình. Các hội thảo từ xa và thảo luận điện tử giữa các tiểu nhóm và toàn bộ ban đều là một phần của sự phát triển hướng dẫn. Một cuộc rà soát nội dung chung đã được hoàn thành mặt đối mặt bởi tất cả các thành viên ban vào tháng 1 năm 2017.

Phương pháp:

Các chuyên gia nội dung, phương pháp học, và người sống sót ICU đã được đại diện trong mỗi năm phần của các hướng dẫn: Đau, Kích thích/an thần, Mê sảng, Bất động (di chuyển/phục hồi chức năng), và Giấc ngủ (rối loạn). Mỗi phần đã tạo ra Cư dân, Can thiệp, So sánh, và Kết quả, và các câu hỏi mô tả, không hành động dựa trên mức độ liên quan lâm sàng cảm nhận. Nhóm hướng dẫn sau đó đã bỏ phiếu đánh giá thứ tự, và bệnh nhân đã ưu tiên tầm quan trọng của chúng. Đối với mỗi câu hỏi về Cư dân, Can thiệp, So sánh, và Kết quả, các phần đã tìm kiếm bằng chứng tốt nhất có sẵn, xác định chất lượng của nó, và đưa ra khuyến nghị dưới dạng các tuyên bố thực hành “mạnh mẽ,” “có điều kiện,” hoặc “tốt” dựa trên các nguyên tắc Đánh Giá, Phát triển và Đánh giá khuyến nghị. Ngoài ra, các khoảng trống bằng chứng và các lưu ý lâm sàng đã được xác định rõ ràng.

Từ khóa

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Dale, 2013, A greater analgesia, sedation, delirium order set quality score is associated with a decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in cardiovascular surgery patients., Crit Care Med, 41, 2610, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31829a6ee7

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Erdek, 2004, Improving assessment and treatment of pain in the critically ill., Int J Qual Health Care, 16, 59, 10.1093/intqhc/mzh010

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Karabinis, 2004, Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: A randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]., Crit Care, 8, R268, 10.1186/cc2896

Rozendaal, 2009, Remifentanil-propofol analgo-sedation shortens duration of ventilation and length of ICU stay compared to a conventional regimen: A centre randomised, cross-over, open-label study in the Netherlands., Intensive Care Med, 35, 291, 10.1007/s00134-008-1328-9

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Kollef, 1998, The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation., Chest, 114, 541, 10.1378/chest.114.2.541

Pandharipande, 2006, Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients., Anesthesiology, 104, 21, 10.1097/00000542-200601000-00005

Brattebø, 2002, Effect of a scoring system and protocol for sedation on duration of patients’ need for ventilator support in a surgical intensive care unit., BMJ, 324, 1386, 10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1386

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Girard, 2008, Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): A randomised controlled trial., Lancet, 371, 126, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60105-1

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Samuelson, 2008, Light vs. heavy sedation during mechanical ventilation after oesophagectomy–a pilot experimental study focusing on memory., Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 52, 1116, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01702.x

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Snellen, 1990, The use of midazolam versus propofol for short-term sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting., Intensive Care Med, 16, 312, 10.1007/BF01706356

Roekaerts, 1993, Infusion of propofol versus midazolam for sedation in the intensive care unit following coronary artery surgery., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 7, 142, 10.1016/1053-0770(93)90206-Z

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Simmons, 1999, Assessing sedation during intensive care unit mechanical ventilation with the Bispectral Index and the Sedation-Agitation Scale., Crit Care Med, 27, 1499, 10.1097/00003246-199908000-00016

Walder, 2001, Evaluation of two processed EEG analyzers for assessment of sedation after coronary artery bypass grafting., Intensive Care Med, 27, 107, 10.1007/s001340000761

Frenzel, 2002, Is the bispectral index appropriate for monitoring the sedation level of mechanically ventilated surgical ICU patients?, Intensive Care Med, 28, 178, 10.1007/s00134-001-1183-4

Mondello, 2002, Bispectral index in ICU: Correlation with Ramsay Score on assessment of sedation level., J Clin Monit Comput, 17, 271, 10.1023/A:1021250320103

Nasraway, 2002, How reliable is the bispectral index in critically ill patients? A prospective, comparative, single-blinded observer study., Crit Care Med, 30, 1483, 10.1097/00003246-200207000-00014

Riess, 2002, Sedation assessment in critically ill patients with bispectral index., Eur J Anaesthesiol, 19, 18, 10.1017/S0265021502000030

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Tonner, 2005, Comparison of two bispectral index algorithms in monitoring sedation in postoperative intensive care patients., Crit Care Med, 33, 580, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000156291.04287.7F

Chisholm, 2006, Comparison of electrophysiologic monitors with clinical assessment of level of sedation., Mayo Clin Proc, 81, 46, 10.4065/81.1.46

Consales, 2006, Bispectral Index compared to Ramsay score for sedation monitoring in intensive care units., Minerva Anestesiol, 72, 329

Turkmen, 2006, The correlation between the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and bispectral index during dexmedetomidine sedation., Eur J Anaesthesiol, 23, 300, 10.1017/S0265021506000081

Hernández-Gancedo, 2007, Comparing entropy and the bispectral index with the Ramsay score in sedated ICU patients., J Clin Monit Comput, 21, 295, 10.1007/s10877-007-9087-7

Sackey, 2007, Bispectral index as a predictor of sedation depth during isoflurane or midazolam sedation in ICU patients., Anaesth Intensive Care, 35, 348, 10.1177/0310057X0703500305

Haenggi, 2008, Entropy and bispectral index for assessment of sedation, analgesia and the effects of unpleasant stimuli in critically ill patients: An observational study., Crit Care, 12, R119, 10.1186/cc7015

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Karamchandani, 2010, Bispectral index correlates well with Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients., J Anesth, 24, 394, 10.1007/s00540-010-0915-4

Plaschke, 2010, Early postoperative delirium after open-heart cardiac surgery is associated with decreased bispectral EEG and increased cortisol and interleukin-6., Intensive Care Med, 36, 2081, 10.1007/s00134-010-2004-4

Ogilvie, 2011, Bispectral index to monitor propofol sedation in trauma patients., J Trauma, 71, 1415

LeBlanc, 2012, Bispectral index values, sedation-agitation scores, and plasma lorazepam concentrations in critically ill surgical patients., Am J Crit Care, 21, 99, 10.4037/ajcc2012777

Yaman, 2012, Assesment of correlation between bispectral index and four common sedation scales used in mechanically ventilated patients in ICU., Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 16, 660

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Prottengeier, 2014, Sedation assessment in a mobile intensive care unit: A prospective pilot-study on the relation of clinical sedation scales and the bispectral index., Crit Care, 18, 615, 10.1186/s13054-014-0615-9

Wang, 2017, Bispectral index can reliably detect deep sedation in mechanically ventilated patients: A prospective multicenter validation study., Anesth Analg, 125, 176, 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001786

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Burk, 2014, Predictors of agitation in critically ill adults., Am J Crit Care, 23, 414, 10.4037/ajcc2014714

Burry, 2014, Analgesic, sedative, antipsychotic, and neuromuscular blocker use in Canadian intensive care units: A prospective, multicentre, observational study., Can J Anaesth, 61, 619, 10.1007/s12630-014-0174-1

Chang, 2008, Influence of physical restraint on unplanned extubation of adult intensive care patients: A case-control study., Am J Crit Care, 17, 408, 10.4037/ajcc2008.17.5.408

Choi, 2003, Physical restraint use in a Korean ICU., J Clin Nurs, 12, 651, 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00789.x

Curry, 2008, Characteristics associated with unplanned extubations in a surgical intensive care unit., Am J Crit Care, 17, 45, 10.4037/ajcc2008.17.1.45

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Kandeel, 2013, Physical restraints practice in adult intensive care units in Egypt., Nurs Health Sci, 15, 79, 10.1111/nhs.12000

Krüger, 2013, Use of physical restraints in acute hospitals in Germany: A multi-centre cross-sectional study., Int J Nurs Stud, 50, 1599, 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.05.005

Kwizera, 2015, Incidence and risk factors for delirium among mechanically ventilated patients in an African intensive care setting: An observational multicenter study., Crit Care Res Pract, 2015, 491780

Langley, 2011, Restraints in intensive care units–a mixed method study., Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 27, 67, 10.1016/j.iccn.2010.12.001

Liu, 2009, Basic needs and their predictors for intubated patients in surgical intensive care units., Heart Lung, 38, 208, 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2008.06.002

Lucidarme, 2010, Nicotine withdrawal and agitation in ventilated critically ill patients., Crit Care, 14, R58, 10.1186/cc8954

Martin, 2005, Use of physical restraints in adult critical care: A bicultural study., Am J Crit Care, 14, 133, 10.4037/ajcc2005.14.2.133

Martín Iglesias, 2012, Mechanical restraint: Its use in intensive cares., Enferm Intensiva, 23, 164, 10.1016/j.enfi.2012.08.002

Mehta, 2015, Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of delirium in mechanically ventilated adults., Crit Care Med, 43, 557, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000727

Micek, 2005, Delirium as detected by the CAM-ICU predicts restraint use among mechanically ventilated medical patients., Crit Care Med, 33, 1260, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000164540.58515.BF

Van Rompaey, 2009, Risk factors for delirium in intensive care patients: A prospective cohort study., Crit Care, 13, R77, 10.1186/cc7892

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Haenggi, 2013, Effect of sedation level on the prevalence of delirium when assessed with CAM-ICU and ICDSC., Intensive Care Med, 39, 2171, 10.1007/s00134-013-3034-5

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Naidech, 2013, Intracerebral hemorrhage and delirium symptoms. Length of stay, function, and quality of life in a 114-patient cohort., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 188, 1331, 10.1164/rccm.201307-1256OC

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Milbrandt, 2004, Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients., Crit Care Med, 32, 955, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000119429.16055.92

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Ouimet, 2007, Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium., Intensive Care Med, 33, 66, 10.1007/s00134-006-0399-8

Bienvenu, 2013, Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after acute lung injury: A 2-year prospective longitudinal study., Psychol Med, 43, 2657, 10.1017/S0033291713000214

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Jackson, 2014, Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and functional disability in survivors of critical illness in the BRAIN-ICU study: A longitudinal cohort study., Lancet Respir Med, 2, 369, 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70051-7

Girard, 2007, Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study., Crit Care, 11, R28, 10.1186/cc5708

Patel, 2016, Incidence and risk factors for intensive care unit-related post-traumatic stress disorder in Veterans and civilians., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 193, 1373, 10.1164/rccm.201506-1158OC

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van den Boogaard, 2012, Delirium in critically ill patients: Impact on long-term health-related quality of life and cognitive functioning., Crit Care Med, 40, 112, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822e9fc9

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Caruso, 2014, ICU architectural design affects the delirium prevalence: A comparison between single-bed and multibed rooms., Crit Care Med, 42, 2204, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000502

Guillamondegui, 2011, Does hypoxia affect intensive care unit delirium or long-term cognitive impairment after multiple trauma without intracranial hemorrhage?, J Trauma, 70, 910

Mardani, 2012, Predictors and clinical outcomes of postoperative delirium after administration of dexamethasone in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery., Int J Prev Med, 3, 420

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Roberts, 2005, Multicentre study of delirium in ICU patients using a simple screening tool., Aust Crit Care, 18, 6, 8, 10.1016/S1036-7314(05)80019-0

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Salluh, 2010, Delirium Epidemiology in Critical Care (DECCA): An international study., Crit Care, 14, R210, 10.1186/cc9333

Serafim, 2012, Delirium in postoperative nonventilated intensive care patients: Risk factors and outcomes., Ann Intensive Care, 2, 51, 10.1186/2110-5820-2-51

Sharma, 2012, Incidence, prevalence, risk factor and outcome of delirium in intensive care unit: A study from India., Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 34, 639, 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.009

Simons, 2014, Effect of preadmission sunlight exposure on intensive care unit-acquired delirium: A multicenter study., J Crit Care, 29, 283, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.10.027

van den Boogaard, 2010, The impact of delirium on the prediction of in-hospital mortality in intensive care patients., Crit Care, 14, R146, 10.1186/cc9214

Yamaguchi, 2014, Outcomes after delirium in a Japanese intensive care unit., Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 36, 634, 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.006

Dubois, 2001, Delirium in an intensive care unit: A study of risk factors., Intensive Care Med, 27, 1297, 10.1007/s001340101017

Lin, 2008, Risk factors for the development of early-onset delirium and the subsequent clinical outcome in mechanically ventilated patients., J Crit Care, 23, 372, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2006.09.001

Balas, 2009, Outcomes associated with delirium in older patients in surgical ICUs., Chest, 135, 18, 10.1378/chest.08-1456

Balas, 2011, Transitions experienced by older survivors of critical care., J Gerontol Nurs, 37, 14, 10.3928/00989134-20111102-01

Marquis, 2007, Individual delirium symptoms: Do they matter?, Crit Care Med, 35, 2533, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000284506.43390.F3

Abraham, 2014, Hospital delirium and psychological distress at 1 year and health-related quality of life after moderate-to-severe traumatic injury without intracranial hemorrhage., Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 95, 2382, 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.08.005

Abelha, 2013, Outcome and quality of life in patients with postoperative delirium during an ICU stay following major surgery., Crit Care, 17, R257, 10.1186/cc13084

Brummel, 2014, Delirium in the ICU and subsequent long-term disability among survivors of mechanical ventilation., Crit Care Med, 42, 369, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182a645bd

Norman, 2016, Employment outcomes after critical illness: An analysis of the bringing to light the risk factors and incidence of neuropsychological dysfunction in ICU survivors cohort., Crit Care Med, 44, 2003, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001849

Svenningsen, 2014, Intensive care delirium - effect on memories and health-related quality of life - a follow-up study., J Clin Nurs, 23, 634, 10.1111/jocn.12250

Tomasi, 2012, Comparison of CAM-ICU and ICDSC for the detection of delirium in critically ill patients focusing on relevant clinical outcomes., J Crit Care, 27, 212, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.05.015

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Lin, 2004, The impact of delirium on the survival of mechanically ventilated patients., Crit Care Med, 32, 2254, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000145587.16421.BB

Pisani, 2009, Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180, 1092, 10.1164/rccm.200904-0537OC

Klein Klouwenberg, 2014, The attributable mortality of delirium in critically ill patients: Prospective cohort study., BMJ, 349, g6652, 10.1136/bmj.g6652

Wang, 2012, Haloperidol prophylaxis decreases delirium incidence in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial., Crit Care Med, 40, 731, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182376e4f

Prakanrattana, 2007, Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery., Anaesth Intensive Care, 35, 714, 10.1177/0310057X0703500509

Su, 2016, Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial., Lancet, 388, 1893, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30580-3

van den Boorgard, 2018, Effect of prophylactic haloperidol on survival among critically ill adults at high risk for delirium: The REDUCE randomized clinical trial., JAMA, 319, 680, 10.1001/jama.2018.0160

Skrobik, 2018, Low-dose nocturnal dexmedetomidine prevents ICU delirium. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 197, 1147, 10.1164/rccm.201710-1995OC

Page, 2014, Statin use and risk of delirium in the critically ill., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 189, 666, 10.1164/rccm.201306-1150OC

Morandi, 2011, Statins and brain dysfunction: A hypothesis to reduce the burden of cognitive impairment in patients who are critically ill., Chest, 140, 580, 10.1378/chest.10-3065

Mather, 2017, Statin and its association with delirium in the medical ICU., Crit Care Med, 45, 1515, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002530

Billings, 2016, High-dose perioperative atorvastatin and acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial., JAMA, 315, 877, 10.1001/jama.2016.0548

Avidan, 2017, Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of postoperative delirium or pain after major surgery in older adults: An international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial., Lancet, 390, 267, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31467-8

Brummel, 2017, Subsyndromal delirium and institutionalization among patients with critical illness., Am J Crit Care, 26, 447, 10.4037/ajcc2017263

Al-Qadheeb, 2016, Preventing ICU subsyndromal delirium conversion to delirium with low-dose IV haloperidol: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study., Crit Care Med, 44, 583, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001411

Hakim, 2012, Early treatment with risperidone for subsyndromal delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery in the elderly: A randomized trial., Anesthesiology, 116, 987, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31825153cc

Devlin, 2016, Intended and unintended consequences of constraining clinician prescribing: The case of antipsychotics., Crit Care Med, 44, 1805, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002103

Girard, 2010, Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: The MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial., Crit Care Med, 38, 428, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c58715

Page, 2013, Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial., Lancet Respir Med, 1, 515, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70166-8

Devlin, 2010, Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study., Crit Care Med, 38, 419, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b9e302

Skrobik, 2004, Olanzapine vs haloperidol: Treating delirium in a critical care setting., Intensive Care Med, 30, 444, 10.1007/s00134-003-2117-0

Needham, 2016, Rosuvastatin versus placebo for delirium in intensive care and subsequent cognitive impairment in patients with sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: An ancillary study to a randomised controlled trial., Lancet Respir Med, 4, 203, 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00005-9

Page, 2017, Evaluation of early administration of simvastatin in the prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MoDUS): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial., Lancet Respir Med, 1, 515, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70166-8

Reade, 2016, Effect of dexmedetomidine added to standard care on ventilator-free time in patients with agitated delirium: A randomized clinical trial., JAMA, 315, 1460, 10.1001/jama.2016.2707

Ono, 2011, The usefulness of bright light therapy for patients after oesophagectomy., Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 27, 158, 10.1016/j.iccn.2011.03.003

Taguchi, 2007, Influence of bright light therapy on postoperative patients: A pilot study., Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 23, 289, 10.1016/j.iccn.2007.04.004

Simons, 2016, Dynamic light application therapy to reduce the incidence and duration of delirium in intensive-care patients: A randomised controlled trial., Lancet Respir Med, 4, 194, 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00025-4

Black, 2011, The effect of nurse-facilitated family participation in the psychological care of the critically ill patient., J Adv Nurs, 67, 1091, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05558.x

Brummel, 2014, Feasibility and safety of early combined cognitive and physical therapy for critically ill medical and surgical patients: The Activity and Cognitive Therapy in ICU (ACT-ICU) trial., Intensive Care Med, 40, 370, 10.1007/s00134-013-3136-0

Foster, 2013, A pilot study to test the feasibility of a nonpharmacologic intervention for the prevention of delirium in the medical intensive care unit., Clin Nurse Spec, 27, 231, 10.1097/NUR.0b013e3182a0b9f9

Moon, 2015, The effects of a tailored intensive care unit delirium prevention protocol: A randomized controlled trial., Int J Nurs Stud, 52, 1423, 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.04.021

Colombo, 2012, A reorientation strategy for reducing delirium in the critically ill. Results of an interventional study., Minerva Anestesiol, 78, 1026

Hanison, 2015, A multifaceted approach to prevention of delirium on intensive care., BMJ Qual Improv Rep, 12, 4

Rivosecchi, 2016, The implementation of a nonpharmacologic protocol to prevent intensive care delirium., J Crit Care, 31, 206, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.09.031

Denehy, 2017, Ten reasons why ICU patients should be mobilized early., Intensive Care Med, 43, 86, 10.1007/s00134-016-4513-2

Fan, 2014, Physical complications in acute lung injury survivors: A two-year longitudinal prospective study., Crit Care Med, 42, 849, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000040

Hermans, 2014, Acute outcomes and 1-year mortality of intensive care unit-acquired weakness. A cohort study and propensity-matched analysis., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 190, 410, 10.1164/rccm.201312-2257OC

Dinglas, 2017, Muscle weakness and 5-year survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors., Crit Care Med, 45, 446, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002208

Needham, 2014, Risk factors for physical impairment after acute lung injury in a national, multicenter study., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 189, 1214, 10.1164/rccm.201401-0158OC

Kamdar, 2016, The association of sleep quality, delirium, and sedation status with daily participation in physical therapy in the ICU., Crit Care, 19, 261, 10.1186/s13054-016-1433-z

Latronico, 2017, The ICM research agenda on intensive care unit-acquired weakness., Intensive Care Med, 43, 1270, 10.1007/s00134-017-4757-5

Amidei, 2012, Mobilisation in critical care: A concept analysis., Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 28, 73, 10.1016/j.iccn.2011.12.006

Patman, 2001, Physiotherapy following cardiac surgery: Is it necessary during the intubation period?, Aust J Physiother, 47, 7, 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60294-4

Morris, 2008, Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure., Crit Care Med, 36, 2238, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318180b90e

Schweickert, 2009, Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: A randomised controlled trial., Lancet, 373, 1874, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60658-9

Routsi, 2010, Electrical muscle stimulation prevents critical illness polyneuromyopathy: A randomized parallel intervention trial., Crit Care, 14, R74, 10.1186/cc8987

Dantas, 2012, Influence of early mobilization on respiratory and peripheral muscle strength in critically ill patients., Rev Bras Ter Intensiva, 24, 173, 10.1590/S0103-507X2012000200013

Denehy, 2013, Exercise rehabilitation for patients with critical illness: A randomized controlled trial with 12 months of follow-up., Crit Care, 17, R156, 10.1186/cc12835

Ali, 2014, The effect of a short-term pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients hospitalised with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease., Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci, 56, 13, 10.5005/ijcdas-56-1-13

Dong, 2014, Effects of early rehabilitation therapy on patients with mechanical ventilation., World J Emerg Med, 5, 48, 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2014.01.008

Kayambu, 2015, Early physical rehabilitation in intensive care patients with sepsis syndromes: A pilot randomised controlled trial., Intensive Care Med, 41, 865, 10.1007/s00134-015-3763-8

Kho, 2015, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in mechanically ventilated patients: A randomized, sham-controlled pilot trial with blinded outcome assessment., J Crit Care, 30, 32, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.09.014

Moss, 2016, A randomized trial of an intensive physical therapy program for patients with acute respiratory failure., Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 193, 1101, 10.1164/rccm.201505-1039OC

Morris, 2016, Standardized rehabilitation and hospital length of stay among patients with acute respiratory failure: A randomized clinical trial., JAMA, 315, 2694, 10.1001/jama.2016.7201

Burtin, 2009, Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances short-term functional recovery., Crit Care Med, 37, 2499, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a38937

Yosef-Brauner, 2015, Effect of physical therapy on muscle strength, respiratory muscles and functional parameters in patients with intensive care unit-acquired weakness., Clin Respir J, 9, 1, 10.1111/crj.12091

Hodgson, 2016, A binational multicenter pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial of early goal-directed mobilization in the ICU., Crit Care Med, 44, 1145, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001643

Burns, 2016, Stakeholder engagement in trial design: Survey of visitors to critically ill patients regarding preferences for outcomes and treatment options during weaning from mechanical ventilation., Ann Am Thorac Soc, 13, 1962, 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201606-445OC

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