Climate warming and the decline of amphibians and reptiles in Europe

Journal of Biogeography - Tập 33 Số 10 - Trang 1712-1728 - 2006
Miguel B. Araújo1,2,3, Wilfried Thuiller4,5, Richard G. Pearson1,5,6
1Biodiversity Research Group, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, UK
2Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
3Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
4Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
5Macroecology and Conservation Unit, University of Évora, Estrada dos Leões, Évora, Portugal
6Present address: Department of Herpetology and Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA.

Tóm tắt

Abstract

Aim  We explore the relationship between current European distributions of amphibian and reptile species and observed climate, and project species potential distributions into the future. Potential impacts of climate warming are assessed by quantifying the magnitude and direction of modelled distributional shifts for every species. In particular we ask, first, what proportion of amphibian and reptile species are projected to lose and gain suitable climate space in the future? Secondly, do species projections vary according to taxonomic, spatial or environmental properties? And thirdly, what climate factors might be driving projections of loss or gain in suitable environments for species?

Location  Europe.

Methods  Distributions of species are modelled with four species–climate envelope techniques (artificial neural networks, generalized linear models, generalized additive models, and classification tree analyses) and distributions are projected into the future using five climate‐change scenarios for 2050. Future projections are made considering two extreme assumptions: species have unlimited dispersal ability and species have no dispersal ability. A novel hybrid approach for combining ensembles of forecasts is then used to group linearly covarying projections into clusters with reduced inter‐model variability.

Results  We show that a great proportion of amphibian and reptile species are projected to expand distributions if dispersal is unlimited. This is because warming in the cooler northern ranges of species creates new opportunities for colonization. If species are unable to disperse, then most species are projected to lose range. Loss of suitable climate space for species is projected to occur mainly in the south‐west of Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula, whilst species in the south‐east are projected to gain suitable climate. This is because dry conditions in the south‐west are projected to increase, approaching the levels found in North Africa, where few amphibian species are able to persist.

Main conclusions  The impact of increasing temperatures on amphibian and reptile species may be less deleterious than previously postulated; indeed, climate cooling would be more deleterious for the persistence of amphibian and reptile species than warming. The ability of species to cope with climate warming may, however, be offset by projected decreases in the availability of water. This should be particularly true for amphibians. Limited dispersal ability may further increase the vulnerability of amphibians and reptiles to changes in climate.

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Journal of Biogeography

Tập 33 Số 10

1712-1728

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