Classical Nucleation Theory and Its Application to Condensing Steam Flow Calculations

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science - Tập 219 Số 12 - Trang 1315-1333 - 2005
F. Bakhtar1, John Young2, Alexander J. White2, Duncan Alexander Simpson2
1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
2Hopkinson Laboratory, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Cambridge, UK

Tóm tắt

The paper discusses the classical theory of the homogeneous nucleation of water droplets from supersaturated vapour and its application in predicting condensation in steam nozzles. The first part consists of a review of classical nucleation theory, focusing on the many modifications made to the original Becker-Döring theory and providing some new insights into recent developments. It is concluded that the predictive accuracy required for engineering calculations is not yet attainable with a theory derived from first principles. The areas that require most attention relate to the properties of small molecular clusters and the energy transfer processes in the non-isothermal theory. Experiments in converging-diverging nozzles provide the best means for validation at the very high nucleation rates of interest, but measurements of pressure distribution and the Sauter mean droplet radius are insufficient to provide independent checks on the separate theories of nucleation and droplet growth. Nevertheless, a judicious choice for the nucleation rate equation, in combination with a standard droplet growth model and a suitable equation of state for steam, can provide accurate predictions over a wide range of conditions. The exception is at very low pressures where there is evidence that the droplet growth rate in the nucleation zone is underestimated.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Volmer M., 1926, Z. Phys. Chem., 119, 277, 10.1515/zpch-1926-11927

Farkas L., 1927, Z. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig), 125, 236, 10.1515/zpch-1927-12513

10.1002/andp.19354160806

Zeldovich J., 1942, J. Expl. Theoret. Physics (USSR), 12, 525

Frenkel J., 1955, Kinetic theory of liquids

10.1119/1.1941841

10.1119/1.1969234

Abraham F. F., 1974, Homogeneous nucleation theory

10.1063/1.1750444

Bijl A. Discontinuities in the energy and specific heats. PhD Dissertation, University of Leiden, The Netherlands, 1938.

10.1007/BF01009712

Dunning W. J., 1969, Nucleation

10.1103/PhysRevE.56.5615

Zettlemoyer A. C., 1969, Nucleation

Zettlemoyer A. C., 1977, Nucleation phenomena

10.1063/1.460663

10.1071/PH960425

10.1063/1.1322082

Yellott J. I., 1937, Trans. ASME, 59, 171

10.1243/PIME_PROC_1938_138_015_02

Binnie A. M., 1943, Proc. R. Soc., 181, 134

10.1002/zamm.19420220102

10.1063/1.1711206

Gyarmathy G., 1965, VDI Forschungsheft, 508

10.1017/S0022112066000284

10.1016/0017-9310(73)90185-3

10.1243/PIME_PROC_1970_185_047_02

Deych M. Ye., 1969, Heat Transfer Sov. Res., 1, 95

10.1063/1.1672159

Gyarmathy G., 1969, Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, 184, 88

Petr V., 1969, Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, 184, 73

Kròl T., 1971, Trans. Inst. Fluid Flow Machinery (PIMP, Poland), 57, 19

Walters P. T., 1973, Wet steam 4, 32

Young J. B., 1976, Trans. Inst. Fluid Flow Machinery (PIMP, Poland), 70, 259

Young J. B., 1982, PhysicoChemical Hydrodynamics (PCH), 3, 57

10.1243/PIME_PROC_1990_204_032_02

10.1103/PhysRevE.60.4330

10.1243/0954406041474183

10.1016/0039-6028(69)90055-7

10.1063/1.1732252

10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4506

10.1063/1.459191

Girschik S. L., 1991, J. Chem. Phys., 94, 826, 10.1063/1.460309

Band W., 1955, An introduction to quantum statistics

10.1063/1.467319

10.1063/1.1747247

10.1063/1.1747660

10.1063/1.1747248

10.1063/1.1747963

10.1063/1.1677867

10.1063/1.441807

10.1063/1.469457

10.1098/rspa.1935.0050

10.1016/0017-9310(67)90052-X

10.1080/02786828608959089

10.1063/1.1732832

10.1063/1.1668256

10.1007/BF02647536

10.1103/PhysicsPhysiqueFizika.3.255

10.1103/PhysRevE.49.5517

10.1063/1.1748482

10.1080/00018736600101264

10.1063/1.463055

10.1063/1.466066

10.1016/0017-9310(95)00089-R

10.1063/1.471553

10.1063/1.473125

Moore M. J., 1973, Wet steam 4, 101

10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2004.04.002

10.1007/BF01601066

Gyarmathy G., Handbook of chemistry and physics, 62nd edition, 1982, Multiphase science and technology, 1, 99

10.1016/0017-9310(91)90143-3

10.1115/1.3240080

Schmidt B. Beobachtungen aber das Verhalten der durch Wasserdampfkondensation ausgelösten Störungen in einer Überschall-Windkaneldäse. PhD Thesis, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany, 1962.

10.1063/1.1761112

10.1007/BF02558742

10.1007/BF02557721

10.1177/002034837218600127

Saltanov G. A., 1976, Trans. Inst. Fluid Flow Machinery (PIMP, Poland), 70, 433

10.1016/0142-727X(87)90014-2

Moheban M. A fast time-marching method for non-equilibrium wet steam flows in turbines. PhD Thesis, Engineering Department, Cambridge University, 1983.

Guha A., Young J. B. Time-marching prediction of unsteady condensation phenomena due to supercritical heat addition. In IMechE European Conference on Turbomachinery, 1991, paper C423/057, pp. 167–177.

White A. J., 1993, Am. Inst. Aeronaut. Astronaut. J. Propulsion and Power, 9, 579

Collignan B., Laali A. R. Modelling of unsteady steam flow with condensation: Theoretical approach and experimentation in a nuclear power plant. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Steam and gas turbines for power and co-generation plants, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, 1994, pp. 37–44.

10.1017/S0022112097006745

Schnerr G. H. Instationary flows.

Skillings S. A., Moore M. J., Walters P. T., Jackson R. A reconsideration of wetness loss in LP steam turbines. In Proceedings of the BNES (British Nuclear Energy Society) Conference on Technology of turbine plant operating with wet steam, London, 1988, pp. 171–177.

Deich M. E., 1972, High Temp., 10, 102

Gyarmathy G., 1973, Proceedings of IMechE Conference on Heat and fluid flow in steam and gas turbine plant, 3, 182

Valha J., Ryley D. J. Optical studies of nucleation in high pressure steam. In Proceedings of the ASME Conference on Condensation in high speed flows (Ed. Pouring A. A.), 1977, pp. 27–42.

10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_027_02

Keenan J. H., 1969, Steam tables

10.1016/0142-727X(79)90011-0

Vukalovich A., 1958, Thermodynamic properties of water and steam, 6

10.1243/PIME_PROC_1985_199_107_02

10.1016/0142-727X(83)90042-5

10.1098/rspa.1996.0074

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science

Tập 219 Số 12

1315-1333

Thông tin tác giả