Cirrus Cloud Properties and the Large-Scale Meteorological Environment: Relationships Derived from A-Train and NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis Data
Tóm tắt
Empirical knowledge of how cirrus cloud properties are coupled with the large-scale meteorological environment is a prerequisite for understanding the role of microphysical processes in the life cycle of cirrus cloud systems. Using active and passive remote sensing data from the A-Train, relationships between cirrus cloud properties and the large-scale dynamics are examined. Mesoscale cirrus events from along the A-Train track from 1 yr of data are sorted on the basis of vertical distributions of radar reflectivity and on large-scale meteorological parameters derived from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis using a
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderberg, 1973
Bony, 2005, Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, 10.1029/2005GL023851
Comstock, 2002, Ground-based lidar and radar remote sensing of tropical cirrus clouds at Nauru Island: Cloud statistics and radiative impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4714, 10.1029/2002JD002203
Comstock, 2008, Understanding ice supersaturation, particle growth, and number concentration in cirrus clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23211, 10.1029/2008JD010332
Dufresne, 2008, An assessment of the primary sources of spread of global warming estimates from coupled atmosphere–ocean models, J. Climate, 21, 5135, 10.1175/2008JCLI2239.1
Gordon, 2010, Cluster analysis of midlatitude oceanic cloud regimes—Part 1: Mean cloud and meteorological properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 1559, 10.5194/acpd-10-1559-2010
Gordon, 2005, Cluster analysis of cloud regimes and characteristic dynamics of midlatitude synoptic systems in observations and a model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D15S17, 10.1029/2004JD005027
Heymsfield, 1977, Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367, 10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<0367:PDISIC>2.0.CO;2
Im, 2006, Cloud profiling radar for the CloudSat mission, IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., 20, 15, 10.1109/MAES.2005.1581095
Jakob, 2003, Objective identification of cloud regimes in the tropical western Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2082, 10.1029/2003GL018367
Jakob, 2005, The radiative, cloud, and thermodynamic properties of the major tropical western pacific cloud regimes, J. Climate, 18, 1203, 10.1175/JCLI3326.1
Kalnay, 1996, The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437, 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
Kärcher, 2012, Supersaturation fluctuations in cirrus clouds driven by colored noise, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 435, 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0151.1
Kärcher, 2008, A cirrus cloud scheme for general circulation models, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1439, 10.1002/qj.301
Kistler, 2001, The NCEP-NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 247, 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:TNNYRM>2.3.CO;2
Mace, 2010, Cloud properties and radiative forcing over the maritime storm tracks of the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic as derived from A-Train, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D10201, 10.1029/2009JD012517
Mace, 2008, The vertical structure of cloud occurrence and radiative forcing at the SGP ARM site as revealed by 8 years of continuous data, J. Climate, 21, 2591, 10.1175/2007JCLI1987.1
Mace, 1995, Examination of coupling between an upper tropospheric cloud system and synoptic scale dynamics diagnosed from wind profiler and radiosonde data, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 4094, 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<4094:EOCBAU>2.0.CO;2
Mace, 2006, On the relationship between cirrus cloud occurrence and microphysical properties with the large-scale atmospheric state revealed by six years of continuous ground-based cloud radar data, J. Climate, 19, 3257, 10.1175/JCLI3786.1
Mace, 2006, Cloud radiative forcing at the ARM Climate Research Facility: Part 1. Technique, validation, and comparison to satellite-derived diagnostic quantities, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11S90, 10.1029/2005JD005921
Mace, 2006, Association of tropical cirrus in the 10–15-km layer with deep convective sources: An observational study combining millimeter radar data and satellite-derived trajectories, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 480, 10.1175/JAS3627.1
Mace, 2009, A description of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics derived from the first year of merged CloudSat and CALIPSO data, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A26, 10.1029/2007JD009755
Morrison, 2008, A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3). Part 1: Description and numerical tests, J. Climate, 21, 3642, 10.1175/2008JCLI2105.1
Parkinson, 2003, Aqua: An Earth-observing satellite mission to examine water and other climate variables, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 173, 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808319
Partain, 2004
Pincus, 2008, Evaluating the present-day simulation of clouds, precipitation, and radiation in climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14209, 10.1029/2007JD009334
Platnick, 2003, The MODIS cloud products: Algorithms and examples from Terra, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 21, 459, 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808301
Rossow, 2005, Tropical climate described as a distribution of weather states indicated by distinct mesoscale cloud property mixtures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L21812, 10.1029/2005GL024584
Sanderson, 2008, Towards constraining climate sensitivity by linear analysis of feedback patterns in thousands of perturbed-physics GCM simulations, Climate Dyn., 30, 175, 10.1007/s00382-007-0280-7
Sassen, 2001, A midlatitude cirrus cloud climatology from the Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing: Part I: Macrophysical and synoptic properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 481, 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0481:AMCCCF>2.0.CO;2
Sassen, 1989, Mesoscale and microscale structure of cirrus clouds: Three case studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 371, 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0371:MAMSOC>2.0.CO;2
Sassen, 2008, Global distribution of cirrus clouds from CloudSat/Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A12, 10.1029/2008JD009972
Schmetz, 2002, An introduction to Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 977, 10.1175/BAMS-83-7-Schmetz-2
Schwartz, 2010, Co-occurrence statistics of tropical tropopause layer cirrus with lower cloud layers as derived from CloudSat and CALIPSO data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D20215, 10.1029/2009JD012778
Shapiro, 1981, Frontogenesis and geostrophically forced secondary circulations in the vicinity of jet stream-frontal zone systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 954, 10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<0954:FAGFSC>2.0.CO;2
Shapiro, 1981, Research aircraft measurements of jet stream geostrophic and ageostrophic winds, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2642, 10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<2642:RAMOJS>2.0.CO;2
Soden, 1998, Tracking upper tropospheric water vapor radiances: A satellite perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17 069, 10.1029/98JD01151
Soden, 2006, An assessment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, J. Climate, 19, 3354, 10.1175/JCLI3799.1
Soden, 2011, The vertical distribution of cloud feedback in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L12704, 10.1029/2011GL047632
Starr, 1990, The 27–28 October 1986 FIRE cirrus case study: Meteorology and clouds, Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 2259, 10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<2259:TOFCCS>2.0.CO;2
Stephens, 2005, Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: A critical review, J. Climate, 18, 237, 10.1175/JCLI-3243.1
Stephens, 2002, The CloudSat mission and the A-Train, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1771, 10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1771
Stephens, 2008, CloudSat mission: Performance and early science after the first year of operation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A18, 10.1029/2008JD009982
Waliser, 2009, Cloud ice: A climate model challenge with signs and expectations of progress, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A21, 10.1029/2008JD010015
Webb, 2006, On the contribution of local feedback mechanisms to the range of climate sensitivity in two GCM ensembles, Climate Dyn., 27, 17, 10.1007/s00382-006-0111-2
Wentz, 2000
Wielicki, 1998, Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES): Algorithm overview, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 1127, 10.1109/36.701020
Wilks, 2006
Williams, 2007, GCM intercomparison of global cloud regimes: Present-day evaluation and climate change response, Climate Dyn., 29, 231, 10.1007/s00382-007-0232-2
Williams, 2009, A quantitative performance assessment of cloud regimes in climate models, Climate Dyn., 33, 141, 10.1007/s00382-008-0443-1
Winker, 2007, Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, 10.1029/2007GL030135
Zelinka, 2010, Why is longwave cloud feedback positive?, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16117, 10.1029/2010JD013817
Zelinka, 2012, Computing and partitioning cloud feedbacks using cloud property histograms. Part I: Cloud radiative kernals, J. Climate, 25, 3715, 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00248.1
Zhang, 2006, Retrieval of cirrus microphysical properties with a suite of algorithms for airborne and spaceborne lidar, radar and radiometer data, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45, 1665, 10.1175/JAM2427.1