Choline and homocysteine interrelations in umbilical cord and maternal plasma at delivery

Zeisel, 1994, Choline and human nutrition, Annu Rev Nutr, 14, 269, 10.1146/annurev.nu.14.070194.001413 Meck, 2003, Metabolic imprinting of choline by its availability during gestation: implications for memory and attentional processing across the lifespan, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 27, 385, 10.1016/S0149-7634(03)00069-1 Zeisel, 2004, Nutritional importance of choline for brain development, J Am Coll Nutr, 23, 621S, 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719433 Cermak, 1998, Prenatal availability of choline modifies development of the hippocampal cholinergic system, Faseb J, 12, 349, 10.1096/fasebj.12.3.349 Craciunescu, 2003, Choline availability during embryonic development alters progenitor cell mitosis in developing mouse hippocampus, J Nutr, 133, 3614, 10.1093/jn/133.11.3614 Zeisel, 1995, Pregnancy and lactation are associated with diminished concentrations of choline and its metabolites in rat liver, J Nutr, 125, 3049 Porter, 1985, Enzymatic properties of dimethylglycine dehydrogenase and sarcosine dehydrogenase from rat liver, Arch Biochem Biophys, 243, 396, 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90516-8 Gregory, 2000, Primed, constant infusion with [2H3]serine allows in vivo kinetic measurement of serine turnover, homocysteine remethylation, and transsulfuration processes in human one-carbon metabolism, Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 1535, 10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1535 Walkey, 1998, Biochemical and evolutionary significance of phospholipid methylation, J Biol Chem, 273, 27043, 10.1074/jbc.273.42.27043 Zhu, 2003, Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) knockout mice have hepatic steatosis and abnormal hepatic choline metabolite concentrations despite ingesting a recommended dietary intake of choline, Biochem J, 370, 987, 10.1042/bj20021523 Watkins, 2003, Phosphatidylethanolamine-Nmethyltransferase activity and dietary choline regulate liver-plasma lipid flux and essential fatty acid metabolism in mice, J Nutr, 133, 3386, 10.1093/jn/133.11.3386 Vance, 1998, Roles for the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine, Curr Opin Lipidol, 9, 125, 10.1097/00041433-199804000-00008 da Costa, 2005, Choline deficiency in mice and humans is associated with increased plasma homocysteine concentration after a methionine load, Am J Clin Nutr, 81, 440, 10.1093/ajcn.81.2.440 Alonso-Aperte, 1996, Brain folates and DNA methylation in rats fed a choline deficient diet or treated with low doses of methotrexate, Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 66, 232 Varela-Moreiras, 1995, Choline deficiency and methotrexate treatment induces marked but reversible changes in hepatic folate concentrations, serum homocysteine and DNA methylation rates in rats, J Am Coll Nutr, 14, 480, 10.1080/07315724.1995.10718539 Kim, 1994, Severe folate deficiency causes secondary depletion of choline and phosphocholine in rat liver, J Nutr, 124, 2197, 10.1093/jn/124.11.2197 Pomfret, 1990, Effects of choline deficiency and methotrexate treatment upon rat liver, J Nutr Biochem, 1, 533, 10.1016/0955-2863(90)90039-N Jacob, 1999, Folate nutriture alters choline status of women and men fed low choline diets, J Nutr, 129, 712, 10.1093/jn/129.3.712 Zeisel, 2000, Choline: an essential nutrient for humans, Nutrition, 16, 669, 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00349-X 1998 Holm, 2003, Determination of choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in plasma by a high-throughput method based on normal-phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Clin Chem, 49, 286, 10.1373/49.2.286 Savendahl, 1997, Prolonged fasting in humans results in diminished plasma choline concentrations but does not cause liver dysfunction, Am J Clin Nutr, 66, 622, 10.1093/ajcn/66.3.622 Ozarda Ilcol, 2002, Free and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations in serum during pregnancy, after delivery and in newborns, Arch Physiol Biochem, 110, 393, 10.1076/apab.110.5.393.11832 Buchman, 2001, Plasma choline in normal newborns, infants, toddlers, and in very-low-birth-weight neonates requiring total parenteral nutrition, Nutrition, 17, 18, 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00472-X McMahon, 1985, Measurement of free choline concentrations in maternal and neonatal blood by micropyrolysis gas chromatography, Clin Chim Acta, 149, 1, 10.1016/0009-8981(85)90267-0 Ulus, 1998, Decreased serum choline concentrations in humans after surgery, childbirth, and traumatic head injury, Neurochem Res, 23, 727, 10.1023/A:1022455325657 Ilcol, 2004, Declines in serum free and bound choline concentrations in humans after three different types of major surgery, Clin Chem Lab Med, 42, 1390, 10.1515/CCLM.2004.259 Ilcol, 2002, Free choline and phospholipid-bound choline concentrations in serum and dialysate during peritoneal dialysis in children and adults, Clin Biochem, 35, 307, 10.1016/S0009-9120(02)00319-3 Ilcol, 2002, Changes of plasma free choline and choline-containing compounds’ concentrations and choline loss during hemodialysis in ESRD patients, Clin Biochem, 35, 233, 10.1016/S0009-9120(02)00298-9 Misra, 1999, Plasma choline concentrations in children requiring long-term home parenteral nutrition: a case control study, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 23, 305, 10.1177/0148607199023005305 Holm, 2005, Betaine and folate status as cooperative determinants of plasma homocysteine in humans, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25, 379, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000151283.33976.e6 Lever, 2005, Homocysteine, glycine betaine, and N,N-dimethylglycine in patients attending a lipid clinic, Metabolism, 54, 1, 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.07.007 Lever, 2004, Short and longterm variation of plasma glycine betaine concentrations in humans, Clin Biochem, 37, 184, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.004 McGregor, 2001, Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations, Kidney Int, 59, 2267, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00743.x Allen, 1993, Serum betaine, N,Ndimethylglycine and N-methylglycine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency and related inborn errors of metabolism, Metabolism, 42, 1448, 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90198-W Molloy, 1997, Microbiological assay for serum, plasma, and red cell folate using cryopreserved, microtiter plate method, Methods Enzymol, 281, 43, 10.1016/S0076-6879(97)81007-5 Kelleher, 1991, Microbiological assay for vitamin B12 performed in 96-well microtitre plates, J Clin Pathol, 44, 592, 10.1136/jcp.44.7.592 Leino, 1999, Fully automated measurement of total homocysteine in plasma and serum on the Abbott IMx analyzer, Clin Chem, 45, 569, 10.1093/clinchem/45.4.569a Molloy, 2002, Maternal and fetal plasma homocysteine concentrations at birth: the influence of folate, vitamin B12, and the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C3T variant, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 186, 499, 10.1067/mob.2002.121105 Noga, 2003, Plasma homocysteine is regulated by phospholipid methylation, J Biol Chem, 278, 5952, 10.1074/jbc.M212194200 Brosnan, 2004, Methylation demand: a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism, Acta Biochim Pol, 51, 405, 10.18388/abp.2004_3580 Noga, 2003, A gender-specific role for phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-derived phosphatidylcholine in the regulation of plasma high density and very low density lipoproteins in mice, J Biol Chem, 278, 21851, 10.1074/jbc.M301982200 Noga, 2003, Insights into the requirement of phosphatidylcholine synthesis for liver function in mice, J Lipid Res, 44, 1998, 10.1194/jlr.M300226-JLR200 Garner, 1993, Characterization of choline metabolism and secretion by human placental trophoblasts in culture, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1168, 358, 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90193-D Garner, 1995, Choline distribution and metabolism in pregnant rats and fetuses are influenced by the choline content of the maternal diet, J Nutr, 125, 2851 Grassl, 1994, Choline transport in human placental brush-border membrane vesicles, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1194, 203, 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90221-6 Sweiry, 1985, Characterization of choline transport at maternal and fetal interfaces of the perfused guinea-pig placenta, J Physiol, 366, 251, 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015795 Holm, 2004, Betaine as a determinant of postmethionine load total plasma homocysteine before and after B-vitamin supplementation, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 301, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000114569.54976.31 Craig, 2004, Betaine in human nutrition, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 539, 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539 Zeisel, 1980, Elevated choline concentration in neonatal plasma, Life Sci, 26, 1827, 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90585-8 Davies, 1992, Proton NMR studies of betaine excretion in the human neonate: consequences for choline and methyl group supply, J Nutr Biochem, 3, 523, 10.1016/0955-2863(92)90074-S Davies, 1988, Betaine metabolism in human neonates and developing rats, Clin Chim Acta, 178, 241, 10.1016/0009-8981(88)90232-X Vollset, 2000, Plasma total homocysteine, pregnancy complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: the Hordaland Homocysteine study, Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 962, 10.1093/ajcn/71.4.962