Chinese dominance of treaty port commerce and its implications, 1860–1875

Allen, 1954, Western Enterprise in Far Eastern Economic Development, 19

Jernigan, 1904, China's Business Methods and Policy, 386

Jernigan, 1905, China in Law and Commerce, 268

Kwang-ching, 1961, T'ang T'ing-shu chih mai-pan shih-tai, Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 2, 154

Ibid.

Allen and Donnithorne, Western Enterprise, p. 116.

Eames, 1909, The English in China, 575

TKS, pp. 156–158, 159–161.

Lockwood, 1963, Augustine Heard & Co.: American Merchants in China on the Eve of the Opening of the Yangtze, 1858–1862, 113

YKS, p. 146.

Eames, The English in China p. 575.

Blackburn, 1898, England Chamber of Commerce, 323

TKS.

TKS, pp. 154–155, 167 and 155–156 respectively.

Fairbank, 1965, East Asia: The Modern Transformation, 355

1865, IMC Reports, 61

IMC, 1866, Reports, 8

TKS, p. 181.

Liu, Steamship Rivalry, p. 12. Houqua is the ex-hong merchant Wu Ch'ung-yüeh.

Lockwood, “Augustine Heard,” p. 111.

Liu, Steamship Rivalry, p. 25.

Ibid.

Liu, Steamship Rivalry, chap. 4.

Liu, Steamship Rivalry, p. 29.

In 1868. Liu, Steamship Rivalry, p. 78.

In 1872. Liu, Steamship Rivalry, p. 171.

NCH 22 February 1872 (p. 140).

1875, IMC Reports, 42

Liu, Steamship Rivalry, p. 36.

Liu, Steamship Rivalry, p. 48.

Gundry, 1895, China, Present and Past, 97

1873, 89

1865, IMC Reports, 14

1867, IMC Reports, 41

1865, IMC Reports, 41

1865, IMC Reports, 44

1865, IMC Reports, 135

1865, IMC Reports, 65

Eitel, 1895, 459

Mayers, 1867, The Treaty Ports of China and Japan, 237

Mayers, 1867, The Treaty Ports of China and Japan, 424

1865, IMC Reports, 14

1865, IMC Reports, Newchwang, 17

1865, IMC Reports, 14

1867, IMC Reports, 8

Endacott, 1958, A History of Hong Kong, 195

Eitel, Europe in China, p. 456.

Cooper, 1871, Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce, 128

1875, IMC Reports, 11

Eitel, Europe in China, p. 505.

King, Money and Monetory Policy, p. 201.

Albert Farley Heard, Shanghai to John Heard III, Hong Kong, 23 March 1860. Harvard University Baker Library, Heard Collection HL-15. Quoted in Lockwood, “Augustine Heard,” note 118 to p. 45.

Lockwood, “Augustine Heard,” p. 44.

Crow, 1940, Foreign Devils in the Flowery Kingdom, 39

1875, IMC Reports, 62

King, Money and Monetary Policy, p. 196.

1871, IMC Reports, 5

1874, IMC Reports, 35

1871, NCH, 875

1871, NCH, 895

1872, NCH, 28

1872, NCH, 24

1871, NCH, 153

King, Money and Monetary Policy, p. 202.

Allen and Donnithorne, Western Enterprise, p. 249.

Gorst, 1899, China, 258

Wright, 1957, The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism, 149

1962

Ho, 1962

Teng, 1961, China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey 1839–1923, 76

1943, 527

Hummel, Eminent Chinese, p. 438.

Hou, 1965, Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China, 1840–1937, 242

1875, IMC Reports, 210

1871, IMC Reports, 162

See 88. above.

1866, IMC Reports, 107

Lockwood, “Augustine Heard,” p. 112.