Children automatically process order: Evidence from an ‘ordinal Stroop’ task

Attout, 2014, Working memory deficits in developmental dyscalculia: The importance of serial order, Child Neuropsychology, 21, 432, 10.1080/09297049.2014.922170 Barth, 2005, Abstract number and arithmetic in preschool children, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 14116, 10.1073/pnas.0505512102 Besner, 1979, Ideographic and alphabetic processing in skilled reading of English, Neuropsychologia, 17, 467, 10.1016/0028-3932(79)90053-8 Brannon, 2002, The development of ordinal numerical knowledge in infancy, Cognition, 83, 223, 10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00005-7 Brannon, 2000, Representation of the numerosities 1–9 by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 26, 31 Bruyer, 2011, Combining speed and accuracy in cognitive psychology: Is the Inverse Efficiency Score (IES) a better dependent variable than the mean Reaction Time (RT) and the Percentage of Errors (PE)?, Psychologica Belgica, 51, 5, 10.5334/pb-51-1-5 Burr, 2008, A visual sense of number, Current Biology, 18, 425, 10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.052 Butterworth, 2005, The development of arithmetical abilities, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 3, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00374.x Cantlon, 2006, Shared system for ordering small and large numbers in monkeys and humans, Psychological Science, 17, 401, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01719.x Cantlon, 2006, Functional Imaging of Numerical Processing in Adults and 4-y-Old Children, PloS Biology, 4, e125, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040125 Carey, 2009 Cassia, 2012, Increasing magnitude counts more: Asymmetrical processing of order in 4-month-old infants, Cognition, 124, 183, 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.05.004 Chen, 2014, Distinct representations of symbolic order and quantity: Evidence from neuropsychological investigations in a Chinese patient with Gerstmann’s syndrome, Brain and Cognition, 88, 14, 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.04.007 Cheng, 2013, Differential effects of left parietal theta-burst stimulation on order and quantity processing, Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation, 6, 160, 10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.005 Cohen Kadosh, 2008, When brightness counts: The neuronal correlate of numerical-luminance interference, Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991), 18, 337, 10.1093/cercor/bhm058 Content, 2016, Chapter 10 – the distribution game: Evidence for discrete numerosity coding in preschool children, 215 Coubart, 2014, Dissociation between small and large numerosities in newborn infants, Developmental Science, 17, 11, 10.1111/desc.12108 Dacke, 2008, Evidence for counting in insects, Animal Cognition, 11, 683, 10.1007/s10071-008-0159-y de Hevia, 2017, Infants’ detection of increasing numerical order comes before detection of decreasing number, Cognition, 158, 177, 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.022 de Hevia, 2014, Representations of space, time, and number in neonates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 4809, 10.1073/pnas.1323628111 de Hevia, 2010, Number-space mapping in human infants, Psychological Science, 21, 653, 10.1177/0956797610366091 Defever, 2013, Task- and age-dependent effects of visual stimulus properties on children’s explicit numerosity judgments, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116, 216, 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.04.006 Dehaene, 2008, Cerebral constraints in reading and arithmetic: Education as a “neuronal recycling” process, 232 Dehaene, 1997 Dehaene, 2015, The neural representation of sequences: From transition probabilities to algebraic patterns and linguistic trees, Neuron, 88, 2, 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.019 Delazer, 1997, A dissociation of number meanings, Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 613, 10.1080/026432997381501 De Smedt, 2014, The relationship between symbolic and non-symbolic numerical magnitude processing skills and the typical and atypical development of mathematics: A review of evidence from brain and behavior, Trends in Neuroscience & Education, 2, 48, 10.1016/j.tine.2013.06.001 Emerson, 2015, Continuity and change in children’s longitudinal neural response to numbers, Developmental Science, 18, 314, 10.1111/desc.12215 Feigenson, 2004, Core systems of number, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 307, 10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002 Fischer, 2010, How to cook a SNARC: Number placement in text rapidly changes spatial–Numerical associations, Brain and Cognition, 72, 333, 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.010 Fischer, 2009, It takes just one word to quash a SNARC, Experimental Psychology, 56, 361, 10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.361 Franklin, 2009, Processing of order information for numbers and months, Memory & Cognition, 37, 644, 10.3758/MC.37.5.644 Gallistel, 1992, Preverbal and verbal counting and computation, Cognition, 44, 43, 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90050-R Gallistel, 2000, Non-verbal numerical cognition: From reals to integers, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 59, 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01424-2 Gebuis, 2011, Numerosities and space; indeed a cognitive illusion! A reply to de Hevia and Spelke (2009), Cognition, 121, 248, 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.008 Gebuis, 2012, Continuous visual properties explain neural responses to nonsymbolic number, Psychophysiology, 49, 1649, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01461.x Gebuis, 2012, The interplay between nonsymbolic number and its continuous visual properties, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 642, 10.1037/a0026218 Gebuis, 2013, The neural mechanism underlying ordinal numerosity processing, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26, 1013, 10.1162/jocn_a_00541 Gebuis, 2013, The neural mechanisms underlying passive and active processing of numerosity, NeuroImage, 70, 301, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.048 Gilad, 2009, Role of ordinal contrast relationships in face encoding, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 5353, 10.1073/pnas.0812396106 Göbel, 2011, The cultural number line: A review of cultural and linguistic influences on the development of number processing, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 543, 10.1177/0022022111406251 Halberda, 2008, Individual differences in non-verbal number acuity correlate with maths achievement, Nature, 455, 665, 10.1038/nature07246 Henik, 1982, Is three greater than five: The relation between physical and semantic size in comparison tasks, Memory & Cognition, 10, 389, 10.3758/BF03202431 Hock, 1970, Verbal interference with encoding in a perceptual classification task, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 299, 10.1037/h0028512 Ischebeck, 2008, Are numbers special? Comparing the generation of verbal materials from ordered categories (months) to numbers and other categories (animals) in an fMRI study, Human Brain Mapping, 29, 894, 10.1002/hbm.20433 Jacob, 2008, The ABC of cardinal and ordinal number represenataion, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 41, 10.1016/j.tics.2007.11.006 JASP Team, 2017 Jeffreys, 1961 Kaufmann, 2009, Numerical and non-numerical order processing in children with and without developmental dyscalculia: Evidence from fMRI, Cognitive Development, 24, 486, 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.09.001 Khor, 2012 Koenderink, 2002, Pappus in optical space, Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 380, 10.3758/BF03194711 Konkle, 2012, A familiar-size stroop effect: Real-world size is an automatic property of object representation, Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 38, 561, 10.1037/a0028294 Leibovich, 2016, The symbol-grounding problem in numerical cognition: A review of theory, evidence, and outstanding questions, Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale, 70, 12, 10.1037/cep0000070 Leibovich, 2014, Comparing performance in discrete and continuous comparison tasks, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 899, 10.1080/17470218.2013.837940 Lewkowicz, 2004, Perception of serial order in infants, Developmental Science, 7, 175, 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00336.x Lewkowicz, 2009, Sequence learning in 4‐month‐old infants: Do infants represent ordinal information?, Child Development, 80, 1811, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01369.x Lyons, 2015, Numerical order processing in children: From reversing the distance‐effect to predicting arithmetic, Mind Brain and Education, 9, 207, 10.1111/mbe.12094 Lyons, 2011, Numerical ordering ability mediates the relation between number-sense and arithmetic competence, Cognition, 121, 256, 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.07.009 Lyons, 2013, Order and the nature of symbolic numbers, Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 17052, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1775-13.2013 Lyons, 2016, On the ordinality of numbers: A review of neural and behavioral studies, 227, 187 Macleod, 1991, Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review, Psychological Bulletin, 163, 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 Nieder, 2005, Counting on neurons: The neurobiology of numerical competence, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 1, 10.1038/nrn1626 Norman, 1998, Stereoscopic discrimination of interval and ordinal depth relations on smooth surfaces and in empty space, Perception, 27, 257, 10.1068/p270257 Park, 2016, Rapid and Direct Encoding of Numerosity in the Visual Stream, Cerebral Cortex, 26, 748 Pepperberg, 2006, Order and inferential abilities of a grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), Journal of Comparative Psychology, 120, 205, 10.1037/0735-7036.120.3.205 Petrazzini, 2015, Use of ordinal information by fish, Scientific Reports, 5, 10.1038/srep15497 Pfuhl, 2012, Order and novel sequence learning in jackdaws, Animal Cognition, 15, 833, 10.1007/s10071-012-0509-7 Picozzi, 2010, Seven-month-olds detect ordinal numerical relationships within temporal sequences, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107, 359, 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.05.005 Ratcliff, 2015, Modeling individual differences in response time and accuracy in numeracy, Cognition, 137, 115, 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.12.004 Reber, 1989, Implicit learning and tacit knowledge, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 219, 10.1037/0096-3445.118.3.219 Rouder, 2012, Default bayes factors for model selection in regression, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47, 877, 10.1080/00273171.2012.734737 Rousselle, 2008, The development of automatic numerosity processing in preschoolers: Evidence for numerosity-perceptual interference, Developmental Psychology, 44, 544, 10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.544 Rousselle, 2004, Magnitude comparison in preschoolers: What counts? Influence of perceptual variables, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 87, 57, 10.1016/j.jecp.2003.10.005 Rubinsten, 2002, Is an ant larger than a lion?, Acta Psychologica, 111, 141, 10.1016/S0001-6918(02)00047-1 Rubinsten, 2005, Automatic activation of internal magnitudes: A study of developmental dyscalculia, Neuropsychology, 19, 641, 10.1037/0894-4105.19.5.641 Rubinsten, 2011, Processing order and quantity: The case of developmental dyscaculia, PloS One, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0024079 Rubinsten, 2013, Processing order and quantity: ERP evidence of separate mechanisms, Brain and Cognition, 82, 201, 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.04.008 Rugani, 2007, Rudimental numerical competence in 5-day-old domestic chicks (Gallus gallus): Identification of ordinal position, Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes, 33, 21, 10.1037/0097-7403.33.1.21 Sasanguie, 2014, The approximate number system is not predictive for symbolic number processing in kindergarteners, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 271, 10.1080/17470218.2013.803581 Schacter, 1987, Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dysfunction, Psychobiology, 15, 21, 10.3758/BF03327261 Schneider, 2017, Associations of non-symbolic and symbolic numerical magnitude processing with mathematical competence: A meta-analysis, Developmental Science, 20, 10.1111/desc.12372 Shaki, 2012, Direction counts: A comparative study of spatially directional counting biases in cultures with different reading directions, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 112, 275, 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.12.005 Shaki, 2009, Reading habits for both words and numbers contribute to the SNARC effect, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 328, 10.3758/PBR.16.2.328 Spelke, 2007, Core knowledge, Developmental Science, 10, 89, 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00569.x Srinivasan, 2010, The long and the short of it: On the nature and origin of functional overlap between representations of space and time, Cognition, 116, 217, 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.05.005 Stroop, 1935, Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643, 10.1037/h0054651 Suanda, 2008, Changes in the ability to detect ordinal numerical relationships between 9 and 11 months of age, Infancy, 13, 308, 10.1080/15250000802188800 Suzuki, 2000, Numerical competence in rats (Rattus norvegicus): Davis and Bradford (1986) extended, Journal of Comparative Psychology, 114, 73, 10.1037/0735-7036.114.1.73 Tibber, 2012, Number and density discrimination rely on a common metric: Similar psychophysical effects of size, contrast, and divided attention, Journal of Vision, 12, 8, 10.1167/12.6.8 Todd, 2003, The visual perception of 3-D shape from multiple cues: Are observers capable of perceiving metric structure?, Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 31, 10.3758/BF03194781 Tokita, 2013, Effects of perceptual variables on numerosity comparison in 5–6-year-olds and adults, Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00431 Townsend, 1983 Turconi, 2006, Numerical order and quantity processing in number comparison, Cognition, 98, 273, 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.12.002 Turconi, 2004, Electrophysiological evidence for differential processing of numerical quantity and order in human, Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 22, 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.05.003 Turconi, 2002, Dissociation between order and quantity meaning in a patient with Gerstmann syndrome, Cortex, 38, 911, 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70069-8 Tzelgov, 1992, Automatic and intentional processing of numerical information, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 166 Vallortigara, 2010, Rudiments of mind: Insights through the chick model on number and space cognition in animals, Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 5, 10.3819/ccbr.2010.50004 Van Oeffelen, 1982, A probabilistic model for the discrimination of visual number, Perception & Psychophysics, 32, 163, 10.3758/BF03204275 Van Opstal, 2008, Dissecting the symbolic distance effect: Comparison and priming effects in numerical and non-numerical orders, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 419, 10.3758/PBR.15.2.419 vanMarle, 2013, Infants use different mechanisms to make small and large number ordinal judgments, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114, 102, 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.04.007 Vigliocco, 2002, Semantic distance effects on object and action naming, Cognition, 85, B61, 10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00107-5 Vos, 2017, The role of general and number-specific order processing in adults’ arithmetic performance, Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 1 Wagenmakers, 2017, Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1 Wood, 2008, On the cognitive link between space and number: A meta-analysis of the SNARC effect, Psychology Science Quarterly, 50, 489 Wynn, 2016, Bootstrapping ordinal thinking, 197