Children Consuming Cassava as a Staple Food are at Risk for Inadequate Zinc, Iron, and Vitamin A Intake
Tóm tắt
Cassava contains little zinc, iron, and β-carotene, yet it is the primary staple crop of over 250 million Africans. This study used a 24-hour dietary recall to test the hypothesis that among healthy children aged 2–5 years in Nigeria and Kenya, cassava’s contribution to the childrens’ daily diets is inversely related to intakes of zinc, iron, and vitamin A. Dietary and demographic data and anthropometric measurements were collected from 449 Kenyan and 793 Nigerian children. Among Kenyan children 89% derived at least 25% of their dietary energy from cassava, while among the Nigerian children 31% derived at least 25% of energy from cassava. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between the fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava and vitamin A intake was r = −0.15, P < 0.0001, zinc intake was r = −0.11, P < 0.0001 and iron intake was r = −0.36, P < 0.0001. In Kenya, 59% of children consumed adequate vitamin A, 22% iron, and 31% zinc. In Nigeria, 17% of children had adequate intake of vitamin A, 57% iron, and 41% zinc. Consumption of cassava is a risk factor for inadequate vitamin A, zinc and/or iron intake.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA et al (2008) Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371:243–260
Tan Z, Ma G, Lin L et al (2002) Prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency and its affecting factors in 8,669 childrens of China. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 36(3):161–163
Sandstrom B, Sandberg AS (1992) Inhibitory effects of isolated inositol phosphates on zinc absorption in humans. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 6:99–103
Preventing Iron Deficiency in Women and Children: Background and Consensus on Key Technical Issues and Resources for Advocacy, Planning and Implementing National Programmes (1998). UNICEF/UNO/WHO/MI Technical Workshop, New York, NY
FAOstat data available at http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor
Nweke F, Haggablade S, Zulu B (2004) Recent growth in African cassava, building on success in African agriculture. Focus 12, Brief 3. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 2004
Nweke FI (1994) Cassava distribution in Africa. COSCA Working Paper No. 12. Collaborative study of cassava in Africa. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria
Maziya-Dixon B, Kling JG, Menkir A, Dixon A (2000) Genetic variation in total carotene, iron and zinc contents of maize and cassava genotypes. Food Nutr Bull 21:419–422
Maziya-Dixon B, Nokoe S, Manyong V, Harris E, Akinyele IO, Oguntona EB, Sanusi RA (2006) Report on survey design and operation: Nigeria Food Consumption and Nutrition Survey 2001–2003. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan
Maziya-Dixon BB, Akinyele IO, Sanusi RA, Oguntona TE, Nokoe SK, Harris EW (2006) Vitamin A deficiency is prevalent in children less than 5 y of age in Nigeria. J Nutr 136:2255–2261
Okali D, Okpara E, Olawoye J (2001) Rural-urban interactions and livelihood strategies series. The case of Abia and its region, southern Nigeria. Working paper 4. International Institute for Environmental and Development. London, UK
Karvetti RL, Knuts LR (1985) Validity of the 24-hour dietary recall. J Am Diet Assoc 85:1437–1442
Gibson RS, Ferguson EL (2008) An interactive 24-hour recall for assessing the adequacy of iron and zinc intakes in developing countries. Harvest Plus technical monograph series. Harvest Plus, UNU
Lukmanji Z, Hertzman E, Mlingi N, Assey V, Ndossi G, Fawzi W (2008) Tanzania Food Composition Tables. Muhumbili School of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania, available at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/files/tanzania-food-composition-tables.pdf
The World Food Dietary Assessment System (NFOOD) (1997): WFOOD, Version 2.0 Berkeley, CA. University of California, Berkeley. [computer program]
Institute of Medicine (2001) Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. National Academies Press, Washington
WHO Anthro 2005 Beta. Available at http://www.who.int/childgrowth/software/en/
Swindale A, Bilinsky P (2006) Household dietary diversity score (HHDS) for measurement of household food access: indicator guide. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Washington
Ruel M (2002) Is dietary diversity an indicator of food security of dietary quality? A review of measurement issues and research needs. IFPRI FCND Discussion Paper 140, Washington
Briend A, Darmon N, Ferguson E, Erhardt JG (2003) Linear programming: a mathematical tool for analyzing and optimizing children’s diets during the complementary feeding period. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 36:12–22
Thompson FE, Byers T (1994) Dietary assessment resource manual. J Nutr 124:2245–2317
UNICEF (2007) Vitamin A supplementation: A decade of progress. UNICEF, New York
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nigeria_statistics.html
McCall D, McGartland C, Woodside JV, Young IS (2005) Micronutrients: dietary intake v. supplement use. Proc Nutr Soc 64:543–553
World Health Organization (1996) Indicators for assessing vitamin A deficiency and their application in monitoring and evaluating intervention programs. WHO, Geneva
International Zinc Consultative Group (2004) Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations. Food Nutr Bull 25:S130–S162
Cook JD, Baynes RD, Skikne BS (1992) Iron deficiency and the measurement of iron status. Nutr Res Rev 5:189–202
Siekmann JH, Allen LH, Bwibo NO, Demment MW, Murphy SP, Neumann CG (2003) Kenyan school children have multiple micronutrient deficiencies, but increased plasma vitamin B-12 is the only detectable micronutrient response to meat or milk supplementation. J Nutr 133:3972S–3980S
Jeremiah ZA, Buseri FI, Fiekumo I, Uko EK, Emmanuel K (2007) Iron deficiency anaemia and evaluation of the utility of iron deficiency indicators among healthy Nigerian children. Hematol 12:249–253
Oso OO, Abiodun PO, Omotade OO, Oyewole D (2003) Vitamin A status and nutritional intake of carotenoids of preschool children in Ijaye Orile community in Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr 49:42–47
Uzoechina ON, Okoro BA (1994) Serum vitamin A levels of preschool children in a Nigerian rural community. Ann Trop Paediatr 14:157–161
Beaton GH, Martorell R, Aronson KJ, Edmonston B, McCabe G, Ross AC et al (1993) Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries, ACC/SCN State-of-the-Art Series, Nutrition Policy Paper No. 13, Geneva
Bhutta ZA, Ahmed Z, Black RE, Cousens S, Dewey K, Giugliani E, Haider BA, Kirkwood B, Morris SS, Sachdev HPS, Shekar M (2008) What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 371:417–440
Pfeiffer W, McClafferty B (2007) Biofortification: Breeding micronutrient-dense crops. In: Kang MPP, Priyadarshan PM (eds) Breeding Major Food Staples. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, pp 61–91
Nestel P, Bouis HE, Meenakshi JV, Pfeiffer W (2006) Biofortification of staple food crops. J Nutr 126:1064–1067
Sautter C, Poletti S, Zhnag P, Gruissem W (2006) Biofortification of essential nutritional compounds and trace elements in rice and cassava. Proc Nutr Soc 65:153–159