Emil Joseph Sanvictores Vergara1, Yeon Soo Kim1, Wenchie Marie Lara Lumbera1, Thùy Linh Nguyễn2, Joseph dela Cruz3, Seong Gu Hwang1
1Department of Animal Life and Environmental Sciences Hankyong National University Anseong Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2Department of Nutrition and Culinary Science Hankyong National University Anseong Democratic People's Republic of Korea
3Department of Basic and Veterinary Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of the Philippines Los Baños Los Baños Philippines
Tóm tắt
Chronic inflammation and cancer are already known to be two intertwined processes and many studies have suggested that the hindrance of the former can serve as an effective preventive measure for the occurrence of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The current study was done in order to evaluate both the anti‐inflammatory and cytotoxic properties of ethanol extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves in light of its potential as a source of an effective chemotherapeutic agent against CRC. In this study, RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells and HT‐29 human colorectal carcinoma cells were used to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tumor properties of the extract, respectively. Cell viability analysis, NO assay, RT‐PCR assay, Western blot analysis, flow cytometry analysis and antioxidant assays were used to evaluate the chemotherapeutic properties of the extract. It was shown that treatment with low doses (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) of the extract has potent anti‐inflammatory activity through alterations in nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐KB) activity, nitric oxide (NO) production and cycloxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) release. The extract also shows potent cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell line used in the study. It was seen that the extract shows anti‐tumor properties through the promotion of apoptosis, through up regulation of the Smac/DIABLO‐caspase cascade, and cell cycle arrest, through up regulation of the tumor suppressor gene p21. Antioxidant screening showed that the extract possesses antioxidant activity supporting its anti‐inflammatory and anticancer activities. In conclusion, the current study shows that Averrhoa bilimbi can be a source of bioactive compounds which can be used as a potential chemotherapeutic agent against colorectal carcinoma by virtue of its chemopreventive (anti‐inflammatory) and chemotoxic (cytotoxic) properties.
