Đặc trưng hóa học và đánh giá dinh dưỡng của sinh khối vi tảo từ sản xuất quy mô lớn: một nghiên cứu so sánh năm loài

European Food Research and Technology - Tập 246 - Trang 323-332 - 2019
Gabriella Di Lena1, Irene Casini1, Massimo Lucarini1, Josè Sanchez del Pulgar2, Altero Aguzzi1, Roberto Caproni1, Paolo Gabrielli2, Ginevra Lombardi-Boccia1
1CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
2CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy

Tóm tắt

Sinh khối từ năm loài vi tảo, bao gồm Porphyridium cruentum, Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetraselmis suecica và Nannochloropsis gaditana, được sản xuất tại một nhà máy công nghiệp trong các bể photobioreactor ngoài trời, đã được nghiên cứu với mục tiêu đánh giá tính phù hợp của chúng cho các lĩnh vực thực phẩm và dược phẩm chức năng. Sinh khối vi tảo được phân tích về các thành phần gần đúng, nitơ không phải protein, năng lượng, axit béo, khoáng chất, nguyên tố vi lượng và hàm lượng thủy ngân. Các phân tích gần đúng cho thấy sự khác biệt rộng rãi giữa các loài vi tảo, theo đúng vị trí phân loại khác nhau của chúng, đặc biệt là liên quan đến hàm lượng protein (19,6–33,2% khối lượng khô), carbohydrate (15,9–42,2% khối lượng khô) và lipid (5,7–31,1% khối lượng khô). Tất cả các loài đều chứng minh là nguồn cung cấp tốt khoáng chất và nguyên tố vi lượng cũng như axit béo không bão hòa đa (47,4–59,1% tổng số axit béo) với các hồ sơ khác nhau. Axit béo n-3 chiếm ưu thế trong P. tricornutum, N. gaditana, I. galbana và T. suecica (32,6–36,4% tổng số axit béo), trong khi axit béo n-6, chủ yếu là axit arachidonic (C20:4) và axit linoleic (C18:2), chiếm ưu thế trong P. cruentum (43,3% tổng số axit béo). N. gaditana, P. tricornutum và P. cruentum giàu axit eicosapentaenoic (36,0, 29,3% và 15,9% tổng số axit béo, tương ứng), trong khi I. galbana là nguồn cung cấp axit stearidonic (C18:4, 12,2% tổng số axit béo) và axit docosahexaenoic (9,0% tổng số axit béo), không thể phát hiện hoặc có mặt ở mức thấp trong các loài khác. I. galbana và T. suecica cũng cho thấy tỷ lệ cao của axit α-linolenic (C18:3, 12,2%–15,7% tổng số axit béo). Tất cả các loài vi tảo đều được đặc trưng bởi hàm lượng dinh dưỡng tốt và được xác nhận là có thể là thành phần giá trị cho mục đích dinh dưỡng hoặc dược phẩm chức năng.

Từ khóa

#vi tảo #sinh khối vi tảo #phân tích dinh dưỡng #axit béo #khoáng chất #thực phẩm chức năng

Tài liệu tham khảo

Singh UB, Ahluwalia AS (2013) Microalgae: a promising tool for carbon sequestration. Mitig Adapt Strategy Glob Change 18:3–95 Draaisma RB, Wijffels RH, Slegers PM, Brentner LB, Roy A, Barbosa MJ (2013) Food commodities from microalgae. Curr Opin Biotechnol 24:169–177 Chew KW, Yap JY, Show PL, Suan NH, Juan JC, Ling TC, Lee DJ, Chang JS (2017) Microalgae biorefinery: high value products perspectives. Biores Technol 229:53–62 Chacón-Lee TL, González-Mariño GE (2010) Microalgae for “healthy” foods—possibilities and challenges. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9:655–675 Vaz BDS, Moreira JB, Morais MGD, Costa JAV (2016) Microalgae as a new source of bioactive compounds in food supplements. Curr Opin Food Sci 7:73–77 Villarruel-López A, Ascencio F, Nunõ K (2017) Microalgae, a potential natural functional food source—a review. Pol J Food Nutr Sci 67:251–263 Guedes AC, Malcata FX (2012) Nutritional value and uses of microalgae in aquaculture. In: Muchlisin ZA (ed) Aquaculture. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/30576. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/aquaculture/nutritional-value-and-uses-of-microalgae-in-aquaculture Conceição LEC, Yúfera M, Makridis P, Morais S, Dinis MT (2010) Live feeds for early stages of fish rearing. Aquac Res 41:613–640 Camacho-Rodríguez J, González-Céspedes AM, Cerón-García MC, Fernández-Sevilla JM, Acién-Fernández FG, Molina-Grima EA (2014) A quantitative study of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production by Nannochloropsis gaditana for aquaculture as a function of dilution rate, temperature and average irradiance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:2429–2440 Chauton MS, Reitan KI, Norsker NH, Tveterås R, Kleivdal HTA (2015) A techno-economic analysis of industrial production of marine microalgae as a source of EPA and DHA-rich raw material for aquafeed: research challenges and possibilities. Aquaculture 436:95–103 Ma XN, Chen TP, Yang B, Liu J, Chen F (2016) Lipid production from Nannochloropsis. Mar Drugs 14:61 Reyimu Z, Özçimen D (2017) Batch cultivation of marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica in treated municipal wastewater toward bioethanol production. J Clean Prod 150:40–46 Sun Z, Wei H, Zhou ZG, Ashokkumar M, Liu J (2018) Screening of Isochrysis strains and utilization of a two-stage outdoor cultivation strategy for algal biomass and lipid production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 185:1100–1117 Arad S, Levy-Ontman O (2010) Red microalgal cell-wall polysaccharides: biotechnological aspects. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:358–364 Guihéneuf F, Stengel DB (2015) Towards the biorefinery concept: interaction of light, temperature and nitrogen for optimizing the co-production of high-value compounds in Porphyridium purpureum. Algal Res 10:152–163 Batista AP, Gouveia L, Bandarra NM, Franco JM, Raymundo A (2013) Comparison of microalgal biomass profiles as novel functional ingredient for food products. Algal Res 2:164–173 De Jesus Raposo MF, De Morais RMSC, De Morais AMMB (2013) Bioactivity and applications of sulphated polysaccharides from marine microalgae. Mar Drugs 11:233–252 Matos ÂP, Feller R, Moecke EHS, de Oliveira JV, Junior AF, Derner RB, Sant’Anna ES (2016) Chemical characterization of six microalgae with potential utility for food application. J AOCS 93:963–972 Bernaerts TMM, Gheysen L, Kyomugasho C, Jamsazzadeh Kermani Z, Vandionant S, Foubert I, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey AM (2018) Comparison of microalgal biomasses as functional food ingredients: focus on the composition of cell wall related polysaccharides. Algal Res 32:150–161 Di Lena G, Casini I, Lucarini M, Lombardi-Boccia G (2018) Carotenoid profiling of five microalgae species from large-scale production. Food Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.11.043 Guillard RRL (1975) Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates. In: Smith WL, Chanley MH (eds) Culture of marine invertebrate animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp 26–60 AOAC (2012) Official methods of analysis, 19th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 28:350–356 Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917 Ma Y, Wang Z, Zhu M, Yu C, Cao Y, Zhang D, Zhou G (2013) Increased lipid productivity and TAG content in Nannochloropsis by heavy-ion irradiation mutagenesis. Biores Technol 136:360–367 Di Lena G, Casini I, Caproni R, Fusari A, Orban E (2017) Total mercury levels in commercial fish species from Italian fishery and aquaculture. Food Add Contam Part B Surveill 10:118–127 Metcalfe LD, Schmitz AA (1961) The rapid preparation of fatty acid esters for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Chem 33:363–364 Exler J, Kinsella JE, Watt BK (1975) Lipids and fatty acids of important finfish. New data for nutrient tables. J AOCS 52:154–159 Barka A, Blecker C (2016) Microalgae as a potential source of single-cell proteins. A review. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 20:427–436 Lourenço SO, Barbarino E, Lavín PL, Lanfer Marquez UM, Aidar E (2004) Distribution of intracellular nitrogen in marine microalgae: calculation of new nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. Eur J Phycol 39:17–32 Lourenço SO, Barbarino E, Lanfer Marquez UM, Aidar E (1998) Distribution of intracellular nitrogen in marine microalgae: basis for the calculation of specific nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. J Phycol 34:798–811 Rebolloso Fuentes MM, Acién Fernández GG, Sánchez Pérez JA, Guil Guerrero JL (2000) Biomass nutrient profiles of the microalga Porphyridium cruentum. Food Chem 70:345–353 Ryckebosch E, Bruneel C, Termote-Verhalle R, Goiris K, Muylaert K, Foubert I (2014) Nutritional evaluation of microalgae oils rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as an alternative for fish oil. Food Chem 160:393–400 Assunção MFG, Varejão JMTB, Santos LMA (2017) Nutritional characterization of the microalga Ruttnera lamellosa compared to Porphyridium purpureum. Algal Res 26:8–14 Tibbetts SM, Milley JE, Lall SP (2015) Chemical composition and nutritional properties of freshwater and marine microalgal biomass cultured in photobioreactors. J Appl Phycol 27:1109–1119 Kermanshahi-pour A, Sommer TJ, Anastas PT, Zimmerman JB (2014) Enzymatic and acid hydrolysis of Tetraselmis suecica for polysaccharide characterization. Biores Technol 173:415–421 De Jesus Raposo MFJ, De Morais AMMB, De Morais RMSC (2015) Carotenoids from marine microalgae: a valuable natural source for the prevention of chronic diseases. Mar Drugs 13:5128–5155 Bernaerts TMM, Panozzo A, Doumen V, Foubert I, Gheysen L, Goiris K, Moldenaers P, Hendrickx ME, Van Loey AM (2017) Microalgal biomass as a (multi)functional ingredient in food products: rheological properties of microalgal suspensions as affected by mechanical and thermal processing. Algal Res 25:452–463 Scholz MJ, Weiss TL, Jinkerson RE, Jing J, Roth R, Goodenough U, Posewitz MC, Gerken HG (2014) Ultrastructure and composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana cell wall. Eukar Cell 13:1450–1464 Le Costaouëc T, Unamunzaga C, Mantecon L, Helbert W (2017) New structural insights into the cell-wall polysaccharide of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Algal Res 26:172–179 Bonfanti C, Cardoso C, Afonso C, Matos J, Garcia T, Tanni S, Bandarra NM (2018) Potential of microalga Isochrysis galbana: bioactivity and bioaccessibility. Algal Res 29:242–248 Hulatt CJ, Wijffels RH, Bolla S, Kiron V (2017) Production of fatty acids and protein by Nannochloropsis in flat-plate photobioreactors. PLoS One 12:e0170440 Adarme-Vega TC, Lim DKY, Timmins M, Vernen F, Li Y, Schenk PM (2012) Microalgal biofactories: a promising approach towards sustainable omega-3 fatty acid production. Microb Cell Fact 11:96 [EU] European Union Commission 2008. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 629/2008 of 2 July 2008 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006. Official Journal of the European Communities, 3/7/2008 L 173/6. Brussels, Belgium [EFSA] European Food Safety Authority (2012) Scientific opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA J 10:1–241 Rodolfi L, Biondi N, Guccione A, Bassi N, D’Ottavio M, Arganaraz G, Tredici MR (2017) Oil and eicosapentaenoic acid production by the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultivated outdoors in Green Wall Panel (GWP®) reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 114:2204–2210 Hamilton ML, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O (2014) Metabolic engineering of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the enhanced accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Metab Eng 22:3–9 Martins DA, Custódio L, Barreira L, Pereira H, Ben-Hamadou R, Varela J, Abu-Salah KM (2013) Alternative sources of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine microalgae. Mar Drugs 11:2259–2281 Hu H, Gao K (2006) Response of growth and fatty acid compositions of Nannochloropsis sp. to environmental factors under elevated CO2 concentration. Biotechnol Lett 28:987–992 Pal D, Khozin-Goldberg I, Cohen Z, Boussiba S (2011) The effect of light, salinity, and nitrogen availability on lipid production by Nannochloropsis sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 90:1429–1441 Tur JA, Bibiloni MM, Sureda A, Pons A (2012) Dietary sources of omega 3 fatty acids: public health risks and benefits. Br J Nutr 107(SUPPL. 2):S23–S52 Calder PC (2014) Very long chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and human health. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 116:1280–1300 Erkkila A, de Mello VD, Risérus U, Laaksonen DE (2008) Dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: an epidemiological approach. Prog Lipid Res 47:172–187 Vannice G, Rasmussen H (2014) Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: dietary fatty acids for healthy adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 114:136–153 CREA. Italian food composition tables. Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy. http://nut.entecra.it/646/tabelle_di_composizione_degli_alimenti.html Gouveia L, Coutinho C, Mendonça E, Batista AP, Sousa I, Bandarra NM, Raymundo A (2008) Functional biscuits with PUFA-ω3 from Isochrysis galbana. J Sci Food Agric 88:891–896 Fradique M, Batista AP, Nunes MC, Gouveia L, Bandarra NM, Raymundo A (2013) Isochrysis galbana and Diacronema vlkianum biomass incorporation in pasta products as PUFA’s source. LWT Food Sci Technol 50:312–319 Babuskin S, Krishnan KR, Babu PAS, Sivarajan M, Sukumar M (2014) Functional foods enriched with marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata as a source of ω-3 fatty acids. Food Technol Biotechnol 52:292–299 SINU, Società Italiana di Nutrizione Umana. LARN, Livelli di assunzione di riferimento di nutrienti ed energia per la popolazione italiana. IV Revisione. Milano: SICS, 2016 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. Report of an expert consultation. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 91. (Final report). 2010. Rome: FAO European Food Safety Authority (2010) EFSA panel on dietetic products, nutrition, and allergies (NDA); scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA J 8:107 Simopoulos AP (2003) Importance of the ratio omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: evolutionary aspects. In: Simopoulos AP, Cleland LG (eds) Omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acid ratio: the scientific evidence. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol 92. Karger, Basel, pp 1–22 Wang DD (2018) Dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: epidemiologic evidence. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 135:5–9 US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture (2015–2020) Dietary guidelines for Americans, 8th edn. http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/