Changes in skeletal muscle gene expression following clenbuterol administration

Pellegrino MA, D'Antona G, Bortolotto S, Boschi F, Pastoris O, Bottinelli R, Polla B, Reggiani C: Clenbuterol antagonizes glucocorticoid-induced atrophy and fiber type transformation in mice. Exp Physiol. 2004, 89: 89-100. 10.1113/expphysiol.2003.002609.

Hinkle RT, Hodge KM, Cody DB, Sheldon RJ, Kobilka BK, Isfort RJ: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and anti-atrophy effects of clenbuterol are mediated by the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Muscle Nerve. 2002, 25: 729-734. 10.1002/mus.10092.

Anderson DB, Veenhuizen EL, Schroeder AL, Jones DJ, Hancock DL: The use of phenethanolamines to reduce fat and increase leanness in meat animals. Proceedings of Symposium on Fat and Cholesterol Reduced; Advances in Applied Biotechnology Series. Edited by: Haberstroh C, Morris CE. 1991, New Orleans: Portfolio Publishing Company, 43-73.

Mersmann HJ: Overview of the effects of b-adrenergic receptor agonists on animal growth including mechanisms of action. J Anim Sci. 1998, 76: 160-172.

Moody DE, Hancock DL, Anderson DB: Phenethanolamine Repartitioning Agents. Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. Edited by: d'Mello JPF. 2000, New York, NY: CABI Publishing, 65-96.

Dodd SL, Koesterer TJ: Clenbuterol attenuates muscle atrophy and dysfunction in hindlimb-suspended rats. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002, 73: 635-639.

Herrera NM, Zimmerman AN, Dykstra DD, Thompson LV: Clenbuterol in the prevention of muscle atrophy: a study of hindlimb-unweighted rats. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001, 82: 930-934. 10.1053/apmr.2001.23756.

Higgins JA, Lasslett YV, Bardsley RG, Buttery PJ: The relation between dietary restriction or Clenbuterol (a selective beta 2 agonist) treatment on muscle growth and calpain proteinase (EC 3.4.22.17) and calpastatin activities in lambs. Br J of Nutr. 1988, 60: 645-652. 10.1079/BJN19880134.

Cockman MD, Jones MB, Prenger MC, Sheldon RJ: Magnetic resonance imaging of denervation-induced muscle atrophy: effects of clenbuterol in the rat. Muscle Nerve. 2001, 24: 1647-1658. 10.1002/mus.1200.

Fitton AR, Berry MS, McGregor AD: Preservation of denervated muscle form and function by clenbuterol in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. J Hand Surg. 2001, 26: 335-346.

Elsasser TH, Rumsey TS, Kahl S, Czerwinski SM, Moseley WM, Ono Y, Solomon MB, Harris F, Fagan JM: Effects of Synovex-S and recombinant bovine growth hormone (Somavubove) on growth responses of steers: III. Muscle growth and protein responses. J Anim Sci. 1998, 76: 2346-2353.

Grant AL, Skjaerlund DM, Gelferich WG, Bergen WG, Merkel RA: Skeletal muscle growth and expression of skeletal muscle α-actin mRNA and insulin-like growth factor I mRNA in pigs during feeding and withdrawal of ractopamine. J Anim Sci. 1993, 71: 3319-3326.

Helferich WG, Jump DB, Anderson DB, Skjaerlund DM, Merkel RA, Bergen WG: Skeletal muscle alpha-actin synthesis is increased pretranslationally in pigs fed the phenethanolamine ractopamine. Endocrinology. 1990, 126: 3096-3100.

Yimlamai T, Dodd SL, Borst SE, Park S: Clenbuterol induces muscle-specific attenuation of atrophy through effects on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Appl Physiol. 2005, 99: 71-80. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00448.2004.

Lo HC, Ney DM: GH and IGF-I differentially increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and jejunum of parenterally fed rats. Am J Physiol. 1996, 271: E872-E878.

Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y: Controlling the flase discovery rate – a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc. 1997, B 57: 289-300.

Verhoeven KJF, Simonsen KL, McIntyre LM: Implementing flase discovery rate control: increasing your power. OIKAS. 2005, 108: 643-647. 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13727.x.

Yi , Xu : Quantitative trait association microarray gene expression data analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution.

Hosack DA, Dennis G, Sherman BT, Lane HC, Lempicki RA: Identifying biological themes within lists of genes with EASE. Genome Biology. 2003, 4: P4-10.1186/gb-2003-4-6-p4.

Carson JA, Nettleton D, Reecy JM: Differential gene expression in the rat soleus muscle during early work overload-induced hypertrophy. FASEB J. 2002, 16: 207-209.

Komamura K, Shirotani-Ikejima H, Tatsumi R, Tsujita-Kuroda Y, Kitakaze M, Miyatake K, Sunagawa K, Miyata T: Differential gene expression in the rat skeletal and heart muscle in glucocorticoid-induced myopathy: analysis by microarray. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2003, 17: 303-310. 10.1023/A:1027352703783.

Batt J, Bain J, Goncalves J, Michalski B, Plant P, Fahnestock M, Woodgett J: Differential gene expression profiling of short and long term denervated muscle. FASEB J. 2006, 20: 115-117.

Smith SB, Garcia DK, Davis SK, Anderson DB: Elevation of a specific mRNA in longissimus muscle of steers fed ractopamine. J Anim Sci. 1989, 67: 3495-3502.

Guo K, Wang J, Andres V, Smith RC, Walsh K: MyoD-induced expression of p21 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity upon myocyte terminal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 1995, 15: 3823-3829.

Deng C, Zhang P, Harper JW, Elledge SJ, Leder P: Mice lacking p21CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control. Cell. 1995, 82: 675-84. 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90039-X.

Hawke TJ, Meeson AP, Jiang N, Graham S, Hutcheson K, DiMaio JM, Garry DJ: p21 is essential for normal myogenic progenitor cell function in regenerating skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003, 285: C1019-C1027.

Mukherjee A, Murray RD, Shalet SM: Impact of growth hormone status on body composition and the skeleton. Horm Res. 2004, 62: 35-41. 10.1159/000080497.

Sotiropoulos A, Ohanna M, Kedzia C, Menon RK, Kopchick JJ, Kelly PA, Pende M: Growth hormone promotes skeletal muscle cell fusion independent of insulin-like growth factor 1 up-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006, 103: 7315-7320. 10.1073/pnas.0510033103.

Yamaguchi A, Ikeda Y, Hirai T, Fujikawa T, Morita I: Local changes of IGF-I mRNA, GH receptor mRNA, and fiber size in rat plantaris muscle following compensatory overload. Jpn J Physiol. 2003, 53: 53-60. 10.2170/jjphysiol.53.53.

Casse AH, Desplanches D, Mayet-Sornay MH, Raccurt M, Jegou S, Morel G: Growth hormone receptor expression in atrophying muscle fibers of rats. Endocrinology. 2003, 144: 3692-3697. 10.1210/en.2003-0311.

Janne J, Alhonen L, Pietila M, Keinanen TA, Uimari A, Hyvonen MT, Pirinen E, Jarvinen A: Genetic manipulation of polyamine catabolism in rodents. J Biochem. 2006, 139: 155-160. 10.1093/jb/mvj035.

Nishimura K, Murozumi K, Shirahata A, Park MH, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K: Independent roles of eIF5A and polyamines in cell proliferation. Biochem J. 2005, 385 (Pt 3): 779-785.

Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K: Polyamine Modulon in Escherichia coli: Genes Involved in the Stimulation of Cell Growth by Polyamines. J Biochem. 2006, 139: 11-16. 10.1093/jb/mvj020.

Igarashi K, Kashiwagi K: Polyamines: mysterious modulators of cellular functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000, 271: 559-564. 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2601.

Cubria JC, Reguera R, Balana-Fouce R, Ordonez C, Ordonez D: Polyamine-mediated heart hypertrophy induced by clenbuterol in the mouse. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998, 50: 91-96.

Pegg AE: Effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine on cardiac polyamine content and hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1981, 13: 881-887. 10.1016/0022-2828(81)90287-X.

Shantz LM, Feith DJ, Pegg AE: Targeted overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase enhances beta-adrenergic agonist-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Biochem J. 2001, 358: 25-32. 10.1042/0264-6021:3580025.

Proud CG: Role of mTOR signalling in the control of translation initiation and elongation by nutrients. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2004, 279: 215-244.

Hershey JW: Translational control in mammalian cells. Annu Rev Biochem. 1991, 60: 717-755. 10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.003441.

Bardocz S, Brown DS, Grant G, Pusztai A, Stewart JC, Palmer RM: Effect of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol and phytohaemagglutinin on growth, protein synthesis and polyamine metabolism of tissues of the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1992, 106: 476-482.

Rehfeldt C, Schadereit R, Weikard R, Reichel K: Effect of clenbuterol on growth, carcass and skeletal muscle characteristics in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci. 1997, 38: 366-373.

Klein U, Ramirez MT, Kobilka BK, von Zastrow M: A novel interaction between adrenergic receptors and the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 19099-19102. 10.1074/jbc.272.31.19099.

Walowitz JL, Bradley ME, Chen S, Lee T: Proteolytic regulation of the zinc finger transcription factor YY1, a repressor of muscle-restricted gene expression. J Biol Chem. 1998, 273: 6656-6661. 10.1074/jbc.273.12.6656.

Shin CH, Liu ZP, Passier R, Zhang CL, Wang DZ, Harris TM, Yamagishi H, Richardson JA, Childs G, Olson EN: Modulation of cardiac growth and development by HOP, an unusual homeodomain protein. Cell. 2002, 110: 725-735. 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00933-9.

Chen F, Kook H, Milewski R, Gitler AD, Lu MM, Li J, Nazarian R, Schnepp R, Jen K, Biben C, Runke G, Mackay JP, Novotny J, Schwartz RJ, Harvey RP, Mullins MC, Epstein JA: Hop is an unusual homeobox gene that modulates cardiac development. Cell. 2002, 110: 713-723. 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00932-7.

Kook H, Lepore JJ, Gitler AD, Lu MM, Wing-Man Yung W, Mackay J, Zhou R, Ferrari V, Gruber P, Epstein JA: Cardiac hypertrophy and histone deacetylase-dependent transcriptional repression mediated by the atypical homeodomain protein Hop. J Clin Invest. 2003, 112: 863-871. 10.1172/JCI200319137.

Ridgeway AG, Wilton S, Skerjanc IS: Myocyte enhancer factor 2C and myogenin up-regulate each other's expression and induce the development of skeletal muscle in P19 cells. J Biol Chem. 2000, 275: 41-46. 10.1074/jbc.275.1.41.

Ma K, Chan JK, Zhu G, Wu Z: Myocyte enhancer factor 2 acetylation by p300 enhances its DNA binding activity, transcriptional activity, and myogenic differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 2005, 25: 3575-3582. 10.1128/MCB.25.9.3575-3582.2005.

Florini JR, Ewton DZ, Magri K: Hormones, growth factors, and myogenic differentiation. Annu Rev Physiol. 1991, 53: 201-216. 10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.001221.

Florini J, Magri K: Effects of growth factors on myogenic differentiation. Am J Physiol. 1989, 256: C701-C711.

Chung AS, Guan YJ, Yuan ZL, Albina JE, Chin YE: Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box 3 (ASB3) mediates ubiquitination and degradation of tumor necrosis factor receptor II. Mol Cell Biol. 2005, 25: 4716-26. 10.1128/MCB.25.11.4716-4726.2005.

Heuze ML, Guibal FC, Banks CA, Conaway JW, Conaway RC, Cayre YE, Benecke A, Lutz PG: ASB2 is an Elongin BC-interacting protein that can assemble with cullin 5 and rbx1 to reconstitute an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. J Biol Chem. 2005, 280: 5468-5474. 10.1074/jbc.M413040200.

Wilcox A, Katsanakis KD, Bheda F, Phillay TS: Asb6, an adipocyte-specific ankyrin and SOCS box protein, interacts with APS to enable recruitment of Elongins B and C to the insulin receptor signalling complex. J Biol Chem. 2004, 139: 1794-1800.

McDaneld TG, Hancock DL, Moody DE: Altered mRNA abundance of ASB15 and four other genes in skeletal muscle following administration of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists. Physiol Genomics. 2004, 16: 275-283.

McDaneld TG, Hannon K, Moody DE: Ankyrin repeat andSOCS box protein (ASB) 15 regulates protein synthesis in skeletalmuscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006,

Glass DJ: Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signalling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005, 37: 1974-1984.

Attaix D, Ventadour S, Codran A, Bechet D, Taillandier D, Combaret L: The ubiquitin-proteasome system and skeletal muscle wasting. Essays Biochem. 2005, 41: 173-186.

Taillandier D, Combaret L, Pouch MN, Samuels SE, Bechet D, Attaix D: The role of ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent proteolysis in the remodelling of skeletal muscle. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004, 63: 357-361. 10.1079/PAR2004358.

Ordway GA, Neufer PD, Chin ER, DeMartino GN: Chronic contractile activity upregulates the proteasome system in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 88: 1134-1141.

DeMali KA, Barlow CA, Burridge K: Recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex to vinculin: coupling membrane protrusion to matrix adhesion. J Cell Biol. 2002, 159: 881-891. 10.1083/jcb.200206043.

Blanchoin L, Pollard TD, Hitchcock-DeGregori SE: Inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin polymerization and branch formation by tropomyosin. Curr Biol. 2001, 11: 1300-1304. 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00395-5.

Chopard A, Pons F, Marini JF: Vinculin and meta-vinculin in fast and slow rat skeletal muscle before and after hindlimb suspension. Pflugers Arch. 2002, 444: 627-633. 10.1007/s00424-002-0872-3.

Kerscher L, Ziegenhorn J: Urea. In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3rd edition, edited by Bergmeyer HU. Deerfield Beach, FL. Verlag Chemie. 1985, 8: 444-453.

SAS: SAS User's Guide, (Release 6.03). 1998, Cary, NC:SAS Inst. Inc

DAVID: [ http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/ ]

EASE: [ http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/ease/ease1.htm ]