Challenge in direct Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a problematic issue in the region with high prevalence of polyclonal infections
Tóm tắt
Based on our recent studies the prevalence of polyclonal infection in tuberculosis clinical specimens is more than 50% in Tehran, Iran. With this background, Spoligotyping was performed on clinical specimens and their respective cultures, and we examined whether mixed infections interfere with the results or not. Based on the Spoligotyping pattern, among the fourteen patients, 57.1% had different genotypes in clinical samples and their respective cultures. These discrepant patterns were suggestive of polyclonal infections in clinical samples with possible overlapping Spoligotype patterns. We propose that in societies with high mixed infections (e.g. Iran), direct Spoligotyping on clinical samples can be controversial.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Organization WHO: investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: third WHO report on neglected tropical diseases 2015. World Health Organization; 2015.
Oelemann MC, Diel R, Vatin V, Haas W, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Locht C, Niemann S, Supply P. Assessment of an optimized mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat typing system combined with spoligotyping for population-based molecular epidemiology studies of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:691–7.
Sanoussi CD, Affolabi D, Rigouts L, Anagonou S, de Jong B. Genotypic characterization directly applied to sputum improves the detection of Mycobacterium africanum West African 1, under-represented in positive cultures. PLOS Neglected Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005900.
Ofori-Anyinam B, Dolganov G, Van T, Davis JL, Walter ND, Garcia BJ, Voskuil M, Fissette K, Diels M, Driesen M. Significant under expression of the DosR regulon in M. tuberculosis complex lineage 6 in sputum. Tuberculosis. 2017;104:58–64.
Mokrousov I, Valcheva V, Sovhozova N, Aldashev A, Rastogi N, Isakova J. Penitentiary population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Kyrgyzstan: exceptionally high prevalence of the Beijing genotype and its Russia-specific subtype. Infect Genet Evol. 2009;9:1400–5.
Pang Y, Zhou Y, Wang S, Lu J, Lu B, He G, Wang L, Zhao Y. A novel method based on high resolution melting (HRM) analysis for MIRU-VNTR genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Microbiol Methods. 2011;86:291–7.
Balmer O, Tanner M. Prevalence and implications of multiple-strain infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:868–78.
Cohen T, van Helden PD, Wilson D, Colijn C, McLaughlin MM, Abubakar I, Warren RM. Mixed-strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections and the implications for tuberculosis treatment and control. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:708–19.
Kamakoli MK, Sadegh HR, Farmanfarmaei G, Masoumi M, Fateh A, Javadi G, Jamnani FR, Vaziri F, Siadat SD. Evaluation of the impact of polyclonal infection and heteroresistance on treatment of tuberculosis patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41410.
Sadegh H, Kamakoli MK, Farmanfarmaei G, Masoumi M, Abdolrahimi F, Fateh A, Ebrahimzadeh N, Jamnani FR, Vaziri F, Siadat SD. Pros and cons of direct genotyping on tuberculosis clinical samples. Microb Pathog. 2017;103:135–8.
Farmanfarmaei G, Kamakoli MK, Sadegh HR, Masoumi M, Abdolrahimi F, Fateh A, Ebrahimzadeh N, Javadi G, Jamnani FR, Vaziri F, Siadat SD. Bias in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis polyclonal infection: use clinical samples or cultures? Mol Cell Probes. 2017;33:1–3.
Shamputa IC, Rigouts L, Eyongeta LA, El Aila NA, Van Deun A, Salim AH, Willery E, Locht C, Supply P, Portaels F. Genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:5528–36.
American Thoracic Society. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1376–95.
Kamerbeek J, Schouls L, Kolk A, Van Agterveld M, Van Soolingen D, Kuijper S, Bunschoten A, Molhuizen H, Shaw R, Goyal M. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:907–14.
Allix-Béguec C, Harmsen D, Weniger T, Supply P, Niemann S. Evaluation and strategy for use of MIRU-VNTRplus, a multifunctional database for online analysis of genotyping data and phylogenetic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:2692–9.
MIRU-VNTRplus. http://www.miru-vntrplus.org/MIRU/index.faces. Accessed 1 Jan 2018.
Goyal M, Lawn S, Afful B, Acheampong J, Griffin G, Shaw R. Spoligotyping in molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Ghana. J Infect. 1999;38:171–5.
Heyderman R, Goyal M, Roberts P, Ushewokunze S, Zizhou S, Marshall B, Makombe R, Van Embden J, Mason P, Shaw R. Pulmonary tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: analysis by spoligotyping. Thorax. 1998;53:346–50.
Suresh N, Arora J, Pant H, Rana T, Singh UB. Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA from Archival Ziehl–Neelsen-stained sputum smears. J Microbiol Methods. 2007;68:291–5.
Van Der Zanden A, Te Koppele-Vije E, Bhanu NV, Van Soolingen D, Schouls L. Use of DNA extracts from Ziehl–Neelsen-stained slides for molecular detection of rifampin resistance and spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:1101–8.
Gehre F, Antonio M, Faïhun F, Odoun M, Uwizeye C, de Rijk P, de Jong BC, Affolabi D. The first phylogeographic population structure and analysis of transmission dynamics of M. africanum West African 1—combining molecular data from Benin, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e77000.
Koro FK, Simo YK, Piam FF, Noeske J, Gutierrez C, Kuaban C, Eyangoh SI. Population dynamics of tuberculous Bacilli in Cameroon as assessed by spoligotyping. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:299–302.
Velayati AA, Masjedi MR, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Ghanavi J, ZiaZarifi AH, Hoffner SE. Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in Iran. Chest. 2009;136:420–5.
Doustdar F, Khosravi AD, Farnia P, Bahrmand AR, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA. Mutations in rpoB gene and genotypes of rifampin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Iran. Tanaffos. 2008;7:11–7.
Ravansalar H, Tadayon K, Mosavari N, Derakhshan M, Ghazvini K. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from patients in the Northeast of Iran by MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2017;10(4):e39568.
Rezaei F, Haeili M, Mohajeri P, Shahraki AH, Fooladi AAI, Zahednamazi F, Feizabadi MM. Frequency of mutational changes in the embB among the ethambutol-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Iran. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10:363–8.
Velayati AA, Farnia P, Mirsaeidi M, Reza Masjedi M. The most prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis superfamilies among Iranian and Afghan TB cases. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38:463–8.
Merza MA, Farnia P, Salih AM, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA. The most predominant spoligopatterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates among Iranian, Afghan-immigrant, Pakistani and Turkish tuberculosis patients: a comparative analysis. Chemotherapy. 2010;56:248–57.
Masjedi MR, Varahram M, Mirsaeidi M, Ahmadi M, Khazampour M, Tabarsi P, Baghei P, Marjane M, Bahadori M, Zarifi AZ. The recent-transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among Iranian and Afghan relapse cases: a DNA-fingerprinting using RFLP and spoligotyping. BMC Infect Dis. 2008;8:109.
Farnia P, Masjedi MR, Mirsaeidi M, Mohammadi F, Jallaledin-Ghanavi, Vincent V, Bahadori M, Velayati AA. Prevalence of Haarlem I and Beijing types of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Iranian and Afghan MDR-TB patients. J Infect. 2006;53:331–6.
Feyisa SG, Haeili M, Zahednamazi F, Mosavari N, Taheri MM, Hamzehloo G, Zamani S, Feizabadi MM. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Tehran, Iran by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and spoligotyping. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016;49:204–10.
Zamani S, Haeili M, Nasiri MJ, Imani Fooladi AA, Javadpour S, Feizabadi MM. Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Hormozgan province of Iran based on 15-locus MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping. Int J Bacteriol. 2016;2016:1746470.
Mozafari M, Farnia P, Afraei M, Derakhshani-Nezhad Z, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA. Molecular diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains indifferent provinces of Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2013;5:366.
Lazzarini LCO, Rosenfeld J, Huard RC, Hill V, e Silva JRL, DeSalle R, Rastogi N, Ho JL. Mycobacterium tuberculosis spoligotypes that may derive from mixed strain infections are revealed by a novel computational approach. Infect Genet Evol. 2012;12:798–806.
Viegas SO, Machado A, Groenheit R, Ghebremichael S, Pennhag A, Gudo PS, Cuna Z, Miotto P, Hill V, Marrufo T. Molecular diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Mozambique. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:195.
Sarkar R, Lenders L, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Nicol MP. Modern lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit lineage-specific patterns of growth and cytokine induction in human monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e43170.