Aguzzi A, Sigurdson C, Heikenwaelder M (2008) Molecular mechanisms of prion pathogenesis. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 3:11–40
Aguzzi A (2006) Prion diseases of humans and farm animals: epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis. J Neurochem 97:1726–1739
Chen C, Dong X-P (2016) Epidemiological characteristics of human prion diseases. Infect Dis Poverty [Internet] 5:47. Available from: http://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-016-0143-8
Parchi P, Castellani R, Capellari S, Ghetti B, Young K, Chen SG et al (1996) Molecular basis of phenotypic variability in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol [Internet] 39:767–78. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8651649
Parchi P, Giese A, Capellari S, Brown P, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Windl O et al (1999) Classification of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease based on molecular and phenotypic analysis of 300 subjects. Ann Neurol 46:224–233
Mastrianni JA (2010) The genetics of prion diseases. Genet Med 12:187–95
Lloyd SE, Mead S, Collinge J (2013) Genetics of prion diseases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 345–51
Bonda DJ, Manjila S, Mehndiratta P, Khan F, Miller BR, Onwuzulike K et al (2016) Human prion diseases: surgical lessons learned from iatrogenic prion transmission. Neurosurg Focus 41:E10
Zerr I, Bodemer M, Gefeller O, Otto M, Poser S, Wiltfang J, Windl O, Kretzschmar HA et al (1998) Detection of 14-3-3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid supports the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol 43:32–40
Otto M, Wiltfang J, Tumani H, Zerr I, Lantsch M, Kornhuber J et al (1997) Elevated levels of tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurosci Lett 225:210–212
Llorens F, Kruse N, Schmitz M, Gotzmann N, Golanska E, Thüne K, Zejneli O, Kanata E et al (2017) Evaluation of α-synuclein as a novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarker in different forms of prion diseases. Alzheimers Dement 13:710–719
Atarashi R, Satoh K, Sano K, Fuse T, Yamaguchi N, Ishibashi D, Matsubara T, Nakagaki T et al (2011) Ultrasensitive human prion detection in cerebrospinal fluid by real-time quaking-induced conversion. Nat Med 17:175–178
Meyne F, Gloeckner SF, Ciesielczyk B, Heinemann U, Krasnianski A, Meissner B, Zerr I (2009) Total prion protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are reduced in patients with various neurological disorders. J Alzheimers Dis 17:863–873
Dorey A, Tholance Y, Vighetto A, Perret-Liaudet A, Lachman I, Krolak-Salmon P, Wagner U, Struyfs H et al (2015) Association of cerebrospinal fluid prion protein levels and the distinction between Alzheimer disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. JAMA Neurol 72:267–275
Rumeileh SA, Lattanzio F, Maserati MS, Rizzi R, Capellari S, Parchi P (2016) Diagnostic accuracy of a combined analysis of cerebrospinal fluid t-PrP, t-tau, p-tau, and Aβ42 in the differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from Alzheimer’s disease with emphasis on atypical disease variants. J Alzheimers Dis 55:1–10
Llorens F, Ansoleaga B, Garcia-Esparcia P, Zafar S, Grau-Rivera O, López-González I, Blanco R et al (2013) PrP mRNA and protein expression in brain and PrP(c) in CSF in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM1 and VV2. Prion 7:383–93
Schmitz M, Schlomm M, Hasan B, Beekes M, Mitrova E, Korth C, Breil A, Carimalo J et al (2010) Codon 129 polymorphism and the E200K mutation do not affect the cellular prion protein isoform composition in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Neurosci 31:2024–2031
Torres M, Cartier L, Matamala JM, Hernández N, Woehlbier U, Hetz C (2012) Altered prion protein expression pattern in CSF as a biomarker for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PLoS One 7:e36159
Schmitz M, Lüllmann K, Zafar S, Ebert E, Wohlhage M, Oikonomou P, Schlomm M, Mitrova E et al (2014) Association of prion protein genotype and scrapie prion protein type with cellular prion protein charge isoform profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of humans with sporadic or familial prion diseases. Neurobiol Aging 35:1177–1188
Zerr I, Kallenberg K, Summers DM, Romero C, Taratuto A, Heinemann U, Breithaupt M, Varges D et al (2009) Updated clinical diagnostic criteria for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain 132:2659–2668
Parchi P, De Boni L, Saverioni D, Cohen ML, Ferrer I, Gambetti P et al (2012) Consensus classification of human prion disease histotypes allows reliable identification of molecular subtypes: an inter-rater study among surveillance centres in Europe and USA. Acta Neuropathol 124:517–529
Kovács GG, Puopolo M, Ladogana A, Pocchiari M, Budka H, van Duijn C, Collins SJ, Boyd A et al (2005) Genetic prion disease: the EUROCJD experience. Hum Genet 118:166–174
World Health Organisation (2003) WHO manual for surveillance of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. WHO Man. Surveill. Hum. Transm. spongiform Enceph 105
Windl O, Giese A, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Zerr I, Skworc K, Arendt S, Oberdieck C, Bodemer M et al (1999) Molecular genetics of human prion diseases in Germany. Hum Genet 105:244–252
Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A, Tiberti N, Lisacek F, Sanchez JC, Müller M (2011). pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics 12:77. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-12-77
Llorens F, Schmitz M, Karch A, Cramm M, Lange P, Gherib K, Varges D, Schmidt C et al (2016) Comparative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementia. Alzheimers Dement 12:577–589
Ladogana A, Sanchez-Juan P, Mitrova E, Green A, Cuadrado-Corrales N, Sanchez-Valle R et al (2009) Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in human genetic transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. J Neuro 256:1620–8
Cramm M, Schmitz M, Karch A, Mitrova E, Kuhn F, Schroeder B, Raeber A, Varges D et al (2016) Stability and reproducibility underscore utility of RT-QuIC for diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Mol Neurobiol 53:1896–1904
Croes EA, Theuns J, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Dermaut B, Sleegers K, Roks G, van den Broeck M, van Harten B et al (2004) Octapeptide repeat insertions in the prion protein gene and early onset dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:1166–1170
Kovács GG, Trabattoni G, Hainfellner JA, Ironside JW, Knight RSG, Budka H (2002) Mutations of the prion protein gene: phenotypic spectrum. J Neurol 249:1567–1582
Schmitz M, Dittmar K, Llorens F, Gelpi E, Ferrer I, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ et al (2016) Hereditary human prion diseases: an update. Mol Neurobiol 54:4138–4149
Beck JA, Poulter M, Campbell TA, Adamson G, Uphill JB, Guerreiro R, Jackson GS, Stevens JC, Manji H, Collinge J, Mead S (2010) PRNP allelic series from 19 years of prion protein gene sequencing at the MRC Prion Unit. Hum Mutat 31(7):E1551–15563. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.21281
Montagna P, Cortelli P, Avoni P, Tinuper P, Plazzi G, Gallassi R et al (1998) Clinical features of fatal familial insomnia: phenotypic variability in relation to a polymorphism at codon 129 of the prion protein gene. Brain Pathol [Internet] 8:515–20. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9669701
Gambetti P, Kong Q, Zou W, Parchi P, Chen SG (2003) Sporadic and familial CJD: classification and characterisation. Br Med Bull 66:213–239
Sanchez-Juan P, Sánchez-Valle R, Green A, Ladogana A, Cuadrado-Corrales N, Mitrová E, Stoeck K, Sklaviadis T et al (2007) Influence of timing on CSF tests value for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnosis. J Neurol 254:901–906
Llorens F, Kruse N, Karch A, Schmitz M, Zafar S, Gotzmann N, Sun T, Köchy S et al (2018) Validation of α-synuclein as a CSF biomarker for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Mol Neurobiol Mol Neurobiol 55:2249–2257
Minikel EV, Vallabh SM, Lek M, Estrada K, Samocha KE, Sathirapongsasuti JF, McLean CY, Tung JY et al (2016) Quantifying prion disease penetrance using large population control cohorts. Sci Transl Med 8:322ra9
Parchi P, Castellani R, Cortelli P, Montagna P, Chen SG, Petersen RB, Manetto V, Vnencak-Jones CL et al (1995) Regional distribution of protease-resistant prion protein in fatal familial insomnia. Ann Neurol 38:21–29
Llorens F, Karch A, Golanska E, Schmitz M, Lange P, Sikorska B et al (2017) Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker-based diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a validation study for previously established cutoffs. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 43:71–80
Zerr I, Schmitz M, Karch A, Villar-Piqué A, Kanata E, Golanska E et al (2018) Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light levels in neurodegenerative dementia: evaluation of diagnostic accuracy in the differential diagnosis of prion diseases. Alzheimer’s Dement 14:751–763
Llorens F, Thüne K, Schmitz M, Ansoleaga B, Frau-Méndez MA, Cramm M et al (2016) Identification of new molecular alterations in fatal familial insomnia. Hum Mol Genet 25:2417–2436
Llorens F, Barrio T, Correia Â, Villar-Piqué A, Thüne K, Lange P et al (2018) Cerebrospinal fluid prion disease biomarkers in pre-clinical and clinical naturally occurring scrapie. Mol Neurobiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1014-z