Cardiac monitoring of dogs via smartphone mechanocardiography: a feasibility study

Serpell J. Beneficial effects of pet ownership on some aspects of human health and behaviour. J R Soc Med. 1991;84(12):717–20.

Anderson WP, Reid CM, Jennings GL. Pet ownership and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Med J Aus. 1992;157(5):298–301.

Zilcha-Mano S, Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. An attachment perspective on human–pet relationships: conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations. J Res Pers. 2011;45(4):345–57.

Virtanen J, Somppi S, Törnqvist H, Jeyhani V, Fiedler P, Gizatdinova Y, Majaranta P, Väätäjä H, Valldeoriola Cardó A, Lekkala J, et al. Evaluation of dry electrodes in canine heart rate monitoring. Sensors. 2018;18(6):1757.

Patterson DF. Epidemiologic and genetic studies of congenital heart disease in the dog. Circ Res. 1968;23(2):171–202.

Egenvall A, Bonnett BN, Häggström J. Heart disease as a cause of death in insured swedish dogs younger than 10 years of age. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20(4):894–903.

Detweiler DK, Patterson DF. The prevalence and types of cardiovascular disease in dogs. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1965;127(1):481–516.

Schrope DP. Prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixed-breed dogs and 57,025 mixed-breed cats. J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17(3):192–202.

Tadi MJ, Lehtonen E, Saraste A, Tuominen J, Koskinen J, Teras M, Airaksinen J, Pänkäälä M, Koivisto T. Gyrocardiography: a new non-invasive monitoring method for the assessment of cardiac mechanics and the estimation of hemodynamic variables. Sci Rep. 2017;7:6823.

Lahdenoja O, Hurnanen T, Iftikhar Z, Nieminen S, Knuutila T, Saraste A, Kiviniemi T, Vasankari T, Airaksinen J, Pänkäälä M, Koivisto T. Atrial fibrillation detection via accelerometer and gyroscope of a smartphone. J Biomed Health Inform. 2018;22:108–18.

Jaakkola J, Jaakkola S, Lahdenoja O, Hurnanen T, Koivisto T, Pänkäälä M, Knuutila T, Kiviniemi T, Vasankari T, Airaksinen J. Mobile phone detection of atrial fibrillation with mechanocardiography: the mode-af study. Circulation. 2018;137(14):1524–7.

Petpace. Smart health monitoring collar. https://petpace.com . Accessed 2 Nov 2018.

Voyce. Dog monitoring collar. https://www.voyce.com . Accessed 2 Nov 2018.

Gurel NZ, Jeong HK, Kloefkorn H, Hochman S, Inan OT. Unobtrusive heartbeat detection from mice using sensors embedded in the nest. In: 40th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC). 2018. p. 1604–7.

Kraus MS, Gelzer AR, Rishniw M. Detection of heart rate and rhythm with a smartphone-based electrocardiograph versus a reference standard electrocardiograph in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2016;249(2):189–94.

Vezzosi T, Buralli C, Marchesotti F, Porporato F, Tognetti R, Zini E, Domenech O. Diagnostic accuracy of a smartphone electrocardiograph in dogs: comparison with standard 6-lead electrocardiography. Vet J. 2016;216:33–7.

Vezzosi T, Sgorbini M, Bonelli F, Buralli C, Pillotti M, Meucci V, Tognetti R. Evaluation of a smartphone electrocardiograph in healthy horses: comparison with standard base-apex electrocardiography. J Equine Vet Sci. 2018;67:61–5.

Bonelli F, Vezzosi T, Meylan M, Nocera I, Ferrulli V, Buralli C, Meucci V, Tognetti R. Comparison of smartphone-based and standard base-apex electrocardiography in healthy dairy cows. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(2):981–6.

Galloway CD, Albert DE, Freedman SB. iphone ECG application for community screening to detect silent atrial fibrillation: a novel technology to prevent stroke. Int J Cardiol. 2013;165:193–4.

Yamada M, Tokuriki M. Spontaneous activities measured continuously by an accelerometer in beagle dogs housed in a cage. J Vet Med Sci. 2000;62(4):443–7.

Hansen BD, Lascelles BDX, Keene BW, Adams AK, Thomson AE. Evaluation of an accelerometer for at-home monitoring of spontaneous activity in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2007;68(5):468–75.

Salerno DM, Zanetti J. Seismocardiography for monitoring changes in left ventricular function during ischemia. Chest. 1991;100(4):991–3.

Zanetti JM, Tavakolian K. Seismocardiography: past, present and future. In: 35th annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC). 2013. p. 7004–7.

Inan OT, Migeotte PF, Park K, Etemadi M, Tavakolian K, Casanella R, Zanetti JM, Tank J, Funtova I, Prisk GK, Rienzo MD. Ballistocardiography and seismocardiography: a review of recent advances. J Biomed Health Inform. 2015;19(4):1414–27.

Etemadi M, Inan OT, Giovangrandi L, Kovacs GTA. Rapid assessment of cardiac contractility on a home bathroom scale. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2011;15(6):864–9.

Yang C, Tavassolian N. An independent component analysis approach to motion noise cancelation of cardio-mechanical signals. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2019;66(3):784–93.

Tuominen J, Lehtonen E, Tadi MJ, Koskinen J, Pänkäälä, M, Koivisto T. A miniaturized low power biomedical sensor node for clinical research and long term monitoring of cardiovascular signals. In: 2017 IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems (ISCAS). 2017. p. 1–4.

Kaisti M, Tadi MJ, Lahdenoja O, Hurnanen T, Saraste A, Pänkäälä M, Koivisto T. Stand-alone heartbeat detection in multidimensional mechanocardiograms. IEEE Sens J. 2019;19(1):234–42.

Hurnanen T, Lehtonen E, Tadi MJ, Kuusela T, Kiviniemi T, Saraste A, Vasankari T, Airaksinen J, Koivisto T, Pänkäälä M. Automated detection of atrial fibrillation based on time-frequency analysis of seismocardiograms. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2017;21(5):1233–41.

Lahdenoja O, Humanen T, Tadi MJ, Pänkäälä M, Koivisto T. Heart rate variability estimation with joint accelerometer and gyroscope sensing. In: Computing in cardiology conference (CinC). 2016. p. 717–20.

Hezzell HJ, Humm K, Dennis SG, Agee L, Boswood A. Relationships between heart rate and age, bodyweight and breed in 10,849 dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2013;54(6):318–24.

Allen J. Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement. Physiol Meas. 2007;28(3):1.