Carbon Sequestration in Arable Soils is Likely to Increase Nitrous Oxide Emissions, Offsetting Reductions in Climate Radiative Forcing

Ambus, P. and Christenson, S.: 1994, ‘Measurement of N2O emission from a fertilized grassland: An analysis of spatial variability’, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 16549–16555.

Aulakh, M. S., Rennie, D. A., and Paul, E. A.: 1984, ‘Gaseous nitrogen losses from soils under zero-till as compared with conventional-till management systems’, J. Environ. Qual. 13, 130–136.

Bouwman, A. F., Boumans, L. J. M., and Batjes, N. H.: 2002, ‘Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields’, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16(4), doi:10.1029/2001GB001812.

Bowman, R. A. and Focht, D. D.: 1974, ‘The influence of glucose and nitrate concentrations upon denitrification rates in a sandy soil’, Soil Biol. Biochem. 6, 297–301.

Bremner, J. M. and Shaw, K.: 1958, ‘Denitrification in soil. II. Factors affecting denitrification’, J. Agric. Sci. 51, 40–52.

Burford, J. R. and Bremner, J. M.: 1975, ‘Relationships between denitrification capacities of soils and total, water-soluble and readily decomposable soil organic matter’, Soil Biol. Biochem. 7, 389–394.

Cai, Z., Sawamoto, S., Li, C., Kang, G., Boonjawat, J., Mosier, A., and Wassmann, R.: 2003, ‘Field validation of the DNDC model for greenhouse gas emissions in East Asian cropping systems’, Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 17(4), doi:10.1029/2003GB002046.

Christensen, S.: 1983, ‘Nitrous oxide emission from a soil under permanent grass: Seasonal and dismal fluctuations as influenced by manuring and fertilization’, Soil Biol. Biochem. 15, 531–536.

Christensen, S., Simkins, S., and Tiedje, J. M.: 1990, ‘Spatial variation in denitrification: Dependency of activity centers on the soil environment’, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, 1608–1613.

Clayton, H., McTaggart, I. P., Parker, J., Swan, L., and Smith, K. A.: 1997, ‘Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertilizer form and environmental conditions’, Biol. Fert. Soils 25, 252–260.

Conrad, R.: 1996, ‘Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, N2O and NO)’, Microbiol. Rev. 60, 609–640.

Conservation Technology Information Center.: 1999, National Survey of Conservation Tillage Practices. (Conservation Tillage Information Center, West Lafayette, IN).

Conservation Technology Information Center.: 2002, National Crop Residue Management Survey (www.ctic.purdue.edu). (Conservation Tillage Information Center, West Lafayette, IN).

Crill, P., Keller, M., Weitz, A., Grauel, B., and Veldkamp, E.: 2000, ‘ Intensive field measurements of N2O emissions from a tropical agricultural soil’, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 85–96.

Dong, Y. S., Scharffe, D., Domroes, M., Qi, Y. C., and Zhang, S.: 2000, ‘N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the North China Plain: The effect of chemical fertilizer and organic manure’, J. Environ. Sci. 12, 463–468.

Doran, J. W.: 1980, ‘Soil microbial and biochemical changes associated with reduced tillage’, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44, 765–771.

Duxbury, J. M., Bouldin, D. R., Terry, R. E., and Tat, R. L.: 1982, ‘Emissions of nitrous oxide from soils’, Nature 298, 462–464.

Federer, C. A. and Klemedtsson, L.: 1988, ‘Some factors limiting denitrification in slurries of acid forest soils’, Scand. J. For. Res. 3, 425–435.

Flessa, H., Dorsch, P., and Beese, F.: 1995, ‘Seasonal variation of N2O and CH4 fluxes in differently managed arable soils in southern Germany’, J. Geophy. Res. 100, 23115–23124.

Flessa, H., Dorsch, P., Beese, F., Konig, H., and Bouwman, A. F.: 1996, ‘Influece of cattle wastes on nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in pasture land’, J. Environ. Qual. 25, 1366–1370.

Flessa, H., Wild, U., Klemisch, M., and Pfadenhauer, J.: 1998, ‘Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from organic soils under agriculture’, Eur. J. Soil Sci. 49, 327–335.

Gollehon, N., Caswell, M., Ribaudo, M., Kellogg, R., Lander, C., and Letson, C.: 2001, Confined Animal Production and Manure Nutrients. Resource Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 771. 39 pp.

Goodroad, L. L. and Keeney, D. R.: 1984, ‘Nitrous oxide emission from forest, marsh, and prairie ecosystems’, J. Environ. Qual. 13, 448–452.

Grace, P. R.: 1996, ‘The Waite Permanent Rotation Trial’ in Powlson, D. S., Smith, P., and Smith, J. U. (eds.), Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing, Long-Term Datasets, NATO ASI Series I, Vol. 38, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 335–340.

Grant, B., Smith, W. N., Desjardins, R., Lemkc, R., and Li, C.: 2004, ‘Estimated N2O and CO2 emissions as influenced by agricultural practices in Canada’, Clim. Change 65, 315–332.

Hao, X., Chang, C., Carefoot, J. M., Janzen, H. H., and Ellert, B. H.: 2001, ‘Nitrous oxide emissions from an irrigated soil as affected by fertilizer and straw management’, Nutr. Cycle Agroecosys. 60, 1–8.

Harrison, R. M., Yamulki, S., Goulding, K. W. T., and Webster, C. P.: 1995, ‘Effect of fertilizer application on NO and N2O fluxes from agricultural fields’, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 25923-25931.

Jenkinson, D.: 1991, ‘The Rothamsted long-term experiments: Are they still of use?’, Agron. J. 83, 2–10.

Jin, X. and Gruber, N.: 2003, ‘Offsetting the radiative benefit of ocean iron fertilization by enhancing N2O emissions’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(24), 2249, doi:10.1029/2003/GL018458.

Khalil, M. I., Rosenani, A. B., Van Cleemput, O., Fauziah, C. I., and Shamshuddin, J.: 2002, ‘Nitrous oxide emissions from an ultisol of the humid tropics under maize-groundnut rotation’, J. Environ. Qual. 31, 1071–1078.

Klingensmith, K. M.: 1987, ‘Denitrification in floodplain successional soils of the Tanana River in interior Alaska’, Agroborealis 19, 39–42.

Körchens, M. and Müller, A.: 1996, ‘The static experiment at Bad Lauchstädt, Germany’, in Powlson, D. S., Smith, P., and Smith, J. U. (eds.), Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing, Long-Term Datasets, NATO ASI Series I, Vol. 38, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 369-376.

Lackner, K. S.: 2003, ‘A guide to CO2 sequestration’, Science 300, 1677–1678.

Lal, R., Follett, R. F., Kimble, J. M., and Cole, C. V.: 1999, ‘Management of U. S. cropland to sequester carbon in soil’, J. Soil Water Conserv. 54, 374–381.

Larcher, W.: 1995, Physiological Plant Ecology, 3{rd} Edn., Springer, Berlin, 506 pp.

Leffelaar, P. A. and Wessel, W. W.: 1988, ‘Denitrification in a homogeneous, closed system: experiment and simulation’, Soil Sci. 146, 335–349.

Li, C.: 1995, ‘Impact of agricultural practices on soil C storage and N2O emissions in 6 states in the U.S.’, in Lal, R., Kimble, J., Levine, E., and Stewart, B. A. (eds.), Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton FL, pp. 101–112.

Li, C.: 2000, ‘Modeling trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems’, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 58, 259–276.

Li, C., Frolking, S., and Frolking, T. A.: 1992, ‘A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: 1. Model structure and sensitivity’, J. Geophy. Res. 97, 9759–9776.

Li, C., Frolking, S., and Harriss, R. C.: 1994, ‘Modeling carbon biogeochemistry in agricultural soils’, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 8, 237–254.

Li, C., Narayanan, V., and Harriss, R.: 1996, ‘Model estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural lands in the United States’, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 297–306.

Li, C., Qiu, J. J., Frolking, S., Xiao, X., Salas, W., Moore, B., Boles, S., Huang, Y., and Sass, R.: 2002, ‘Reduced methane emissions from large-scale changes in water management of China's rice paddies during 1980–2000’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(20), doi:10.1029/2002GL015370.

Li, C., Zhuang, Y. H., Frolking, S., Galloway, J. N., Harriss, R. C., Moore, B., Schimel, D., and Wang, X. K.: 2003, ‘Modeling soil organic carbon change in croplands of China’, Ecol. Appl. 13, 327–336.

Lin, X.: 1998, ‘Status and management of soil organic matter in China’, in Shen, S. (ed.), Soil Fertility of China, Chinese Agricultural Press, Beijing, pp. 111–159 (in Chinese).

Marland, G., West, T. O., Schlamadinger, B., and Canella, L.: 2003, ‘Managing soil organic carbon in agriculture: The net effect on greenhouse gas emissions’, Tellus 55B, 613–621.

Melillo, J. M., Aber, J. D., Steudler, P. A., and Schimel, J. P.: 1983, ‘Denitrification potentials in a successional sequence of northern hardwood forest stands’, in Hallberg, R. (ed.), Environmental Biogeochemistry, Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 35, 217–228.

Mosier, A., Schimel, D., Valentine, D., Bronson, K., and Parton, W.: 1991, ‘Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native, fertilized and cultivated grasslands’, Nature 350, 330–332.

Mosier, A. R., Stillwell, M., Parton, W. J., and Woodmansee, R. G.: 1981, ‘Nitrous oxide emissions from a native shortgrass prairie’, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45, 617–619.

Müller, M. M., Sundman, V., and Skujins, J.: 1980, ‘Denitrification in low pH spodosols and peats determined with the acetylene inhibition method’, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40, 235-239.

Mummey, D. L., Smith, J. L., and Bluhm, G.: 1998, ‘Assessment of alternative soil management practices on N2O emissions from US agriculture’, Agric., Ecosys. Environ. 70, 79–87.

Odell, R. T., Melsted, S. W., and Walker, W. M.: 1984, ‘Changes in organic carbon and nitrogen of morrow plot soils under different treatments, 1904–1973’, Soil Sci. 137, 160–171.

Pang, P. C. K. and Cho, C. M.: 1984, ‘Oxygen consumption and denitrification activity of a conifer forest soil profile’, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48, 393–399.

Papen, H. and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: 1999, ‘Three years continuous record of N-trace gas fluxes from untreated and limed soil of a N-saturated spruce and beech forest ecosystem in Germany: I. N2O-emissions’, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 18487–18503

Pluth, D. J. and Nommik, H.: 1981, ‘Potential denitrification affected by nitrogen source of a previous fertilization of an acid forest soil from Central Sweden’, Acta Agric. Scand. 31, 235–241.

Ramaswamy, V., Boucher, O., Haigh, J., Hauglustaine, D., Haywood, J., Myhre, G., Nakajima, T., Shi, G. Y., and Solomon, S.: 2001, ‘Radiative forcing of climate change’, in Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskel, K., and Johnson, C. A. (eds.), Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 350–416.

Robertson, G. P. and Tiedje, J. M.: 1987, ‘Nitrous oxide sources in aerobic soils: nitrification, denitrification and other biological processes’, Soil Biol. Biochem. 19, 187–193.

Robertson, G. P., Paul, E., and Harwood, R. R.: 2000, ‘Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture: Contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere’, Science 289, 1922–1925.

Saggar, S., Andrew, R. M., Tate, K. R., Hedley, C. B., Rodda, N. J., and Townsend, J. A.: 2004, ‘Modelling nitrous oxide emissions from dairy-grazed pastures’, Nutr. Cycling Agroecosys. 68, 243–255.

Sahrawat, K. L. and Keeney, D. R.: 1986, ‘Nitrous oxide emission from soils’, Adv. Soil. Sci. 4, 103–147.

Six, J., Ogle, S. M., Breidt, F. J., Conant, R. T., Mosier, A. R., and Paustian, K.: 2004, ‘The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practiced in the long term’, Global Change Biol. 10, 155–160.

Smith, P., Smith, J. U., Powlson, D. S., Arah, J. R. M., Chertov, O. G., Coleman, K., Franko, U., Frolking, S., Gunnewick, H. K., Jenkinson, D. S., Jensen, L. S., Kelly, R. H., Li, C., Molina, J. A. E., Mueller, T., Parton, W. J., Thornley, J. H. M., and Whitmore, A. P.: 1997, ‘A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments’, Geoderma 81, 153–225.

Smith, P., Goulding, K. W., Smith, K. A., Powlson, D. S., Smith, J. U., Falloon, P., and Coleman, K.: 2001, ‘Enhancing the carbon sink in European agricultural soils: Including trace gas fluxes in estimates of carbon mitigation potential’, Nutr. Cycling Agroecosys. 60, 237–252.

Smith, W. N., Desjardins, R. L., Grant, B., Li, C., Lemke, R., Rochette, P., Corre, M. D., and Pennock, D.: 2002, ‘Testing the DNDC model using N2O emissions at two experimental sites in Canada’, Can. J. Soil Sci. 82, 365–374.

Stanford, G., Vander Pol, R. A., and Dzienia, S.: 1975, ‘Denitrification rates in relation to total and extractable soil carbon’, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39, 284–289.

Terry, R. E., Tate, R. L., and Ducbury, J. M.: 1981, ‘Nitrous oxide emissions from drained, cultivated organic soils of south Florida’, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 31, 1173–1176.

Terry, R. E.: 1986, ‘Nitrogen transformations in histosols’, in Chen, Y., and Avnimelech, Y. (eds.), The Role of Organic Matter in Modern Agriculture, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 55–70.

Thomson, P. E., Parker, J. P., Arah, J. R. M., Clayton, H., and Smith, K. A.: 1997, ‘Automated soil monolith-flux chamber system for the study of trace gas fluxes’, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61, 1323–1330.

U.S.D.A. (United States Department of Agriculture): 1992, Supp. to the Morrow plots: A century of Learning, Bull. No. 775, Agriculture Experiment Station, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL.

U.S.D.O.E. (United States Department of Energy): 1999, Carbon Sequestration: Research and Development. Office of Science, Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.

Velthof, G. L., Kuikman, P. J., and Oenema, O.: 2002. ‘Nitrous oxide emission from soils amended with crop residues’, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 62, 249–261.

Vinther, F. P.: 1992, ‘Measured and simulated denitrification activity in a cropped sandy and loamy soil’, Biol. Fert. Soils 14, 43–48.

West, T. O. and Marland, G.: 2002, ‘A synthesis of carbon seqeuestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: Comparing tillage practices in the United States’, Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 91, 217–232.

Wever, H., Mussen, S., and Merckx, R.: 2002, ‘Dynamics of trace gas production following compost and NO3− amendments to soil at different initial TOC/NO3− ratios’, Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1583–1591.

Xuri, X., Wang, M., and Wang, Y.: 2003, ‘Using a modified DNDC model to estimate N2O fluxes from semi-arid grassland in China’, Soil Biol. Biochem. 35, 615–620.

Yamulki, S., Wolf, I., Bol, R., Veldcamp, E., Grant, B., Brumme, R., and Jarvis, S.: 2000, ‘Effects of dung and urine amenedments on the isotopic content of N2O released from grasslands’, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectr. 14, 1356–1360.

Zhang, B.: 2000, ‘Severe status of agricultural eco-environment in China’, China News, 6 June 2000 (in Chinese).