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Chẩn Đoán Bệnh Truyền Nhiễm và Không Truyền Nhiễm Dựa Trên Công Nghệ CRISPR
Tóm tắt
Sự quan tâm đến công nghệ CRISPR, một thành phần thiết yếu trong miễn dịch thích nghi ở vi khuẩn cho phép vi khuẩn phát hiện DNA ngoại lai và tiêu diệt nó, đã ngày càng phổ biến trong cộng đồng khoa học. Điều này xuất phát từ khả năng chỉnh sửa và cắt gen ấn tượng của CRISPR. Mặc dù việc ứng dụng CRISPR trong chỉnh sửa và chẩn đoán gen người cần phải được nghiên cứu đầy đủ hơn, đồng thời bất kỳ tác dụng phụ hoặc sự không rõ ràng nào cần phải được giải quyết, CRISPR đã cho thấy khả năng của mình trong một loạt các ứng dụng liên quan đến chỉnh sửa gen và kỹ thuật di truyền. Một trong những ứng dụng hiện tại chính là chẩn đoán các bệnh truyền nhiễm và không truyền nhiễm. Kể từ khi phát hiện đầu tiên, đã có 6 loại và 22 phân loại hệ thống CRISPR được khám phá. Các hệ thống CRISPR chẩn đoán thường có nguồn gốc từ loại II, V và VI. Các loại hệ thống CRISPR-Cas khác nhau đã được xác định trong các vi sinh vật khác nhau có thể nhắm tới DNA (ví dụ, enzyme Cas9 và Cas12) hoặc RNA (ví dụ, enzyme Cas13). Các bệnh do virus, vi khuẩn và không truyền nhiễm như ung thư đều có thể được chẩn đoán bằng cách sử dụng hoạt động cắt của các enzyme CRISPR từ các loại đã đề cập. Các xét nghiệm chẩn đoán sử dụng enzyme Cas12 và Cas13 đã được phát triển để phát hiện virus SARS-CoV-2 mới nổi. Thêm vào đó, các xét nghiệm chẩn đoán CRISPR có thể được thực hiện bằng cách sử dụng các hóa chất đơn giản và các xét nghiệm dòng chảy bên dựa trên giấy, điều này có thể giảm đáng kể chi phí trong phòng thí nghiệm và cho bệnh nhân. Trong bài đánh giá này, phân loại các hệ thống CRISPR-Cas cũng như cơ chế hoạt động của CRISPR/Cas sẽ được trình bày. Ứng dụng của các hệ thống này trong chẩn đoán y tế với nhấn mạnh vào chẩn đoán COVID-19 sẽ được thảo luận.
Từ khóa
#CRISPR #chẩn đoán #bệnh truyền nhiễm #bệnh không truyền nhiễm #Cas9 #Cas12 #Cas13 #COVID-19Tài liệu tham khảo
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