COVID-19 anxiety scale (CAS): Development and psychometric properties

Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.

Aiken, L. R. (1980). Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(4), 955–959. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448004000419.

Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability, and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164485451012.

Alon, T. M., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. National Bureau of Economic Research, 10(24), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26947.

APA. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders – DSM (5th edition). Washington: APA.

Aquino, A., Alparone, F. R., Pagliaro, S., Haddock, G., Maio, G. R., Perrucci, M. G., & Ebisch, S. J. (2020). Sense or sensibility? The neuro-functional basis of the structural matching effect in persuasion. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pyr7s.

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.

Brazil. Health Ministry. (2012). Resolução n° 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012. http://conselho.saude.gov.br/resolucoes/2012/Reso466.pdf

Brazil. Health Ministry. (2016). Resolução n° 510, de 07 de abril de 2016. http://conselho.saude.gov.br/resolucoes/2016/Reso510.pdf

Brazil. Health Ministry. (2020). Boletins epidemiológicos. https://www.saude.gov.br/boletins-epidemiologicos

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834.

Clarkson, J. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Rucker, D. D. (2011). Cognitive and affective matching effects in persuasion: An amplification perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(11), 1415–1427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211413394.

Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Mugny, G., & Berent, J. (2017). The side effect of egalitarian norms: Reactive group distinctiveness, biological essentialism, and sexual prejudice. Group Processess & Intergroup Relations, 20(4), 540–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215613843.

Francis, S. E., Noel, V. A., & Ryan, S. L. (2019). A systematic review of the factor structure of anxiety sensitivity among children: Current status and recommendations for future directions. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(5), 603–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-019-09502-y.

Garcia-Moreno, C., Heise, L., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., & Watts, C. (2005). Violence against women. Science, 310(5752), 1282–1283. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121400.

Grant, J. S., & Davis, L. L. (1997). Selection and use of content experts for instrument development. Research in Nursing & Health, 20(3), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-240x(199706)20:3<269::aid-nur9>3.0.co;2-g.

Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th edition). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.

Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116.

Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B. X., Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., Chen, J., Guan, L., Wang, G., Ma, H., & Liu, Z. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X.

Klackl, J., & Jonas, E. (2019). Effects of mortality salience on physiological arousal. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01893.

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.

Mittal, M., & Bhakar, S. S. (2018). Examining the impact of role overload on job stress, job satisfaction and job performance – A study among married working women in banking sector. International Journal of Management Studies, 2(7), 01–11. https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i2(7)/01.

Mukhtar, S. (2020). Pakistanis’ mental health during the COVID-19. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(10), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102127.

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus User’s Guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Olatunji, B. O., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2009). Anxiety sensitivity and the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6), 974–999. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017428.

Oliver, N., Barber, X., Roomp, K., & Roomp, K. (2020). Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic inSpain: Large-scale, online, self-reported population survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.2196/21319.

Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2, 58–63 http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/39561/.

Parashar, P. (2020). Violence against women: Root causes and reasons for its continuity. Journal of Family and Adoption Law, 2(2), 9–17 http://lawjournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/jfal/article/view/351/280.

Putnik, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004.

Sharma, S., Powers, A., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J. (2016). Gene × environment determinants of stress- and anxiety-related disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033408.

Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Development and initial validation of the COVID stress scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232.

Tucker, L., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170.

Vignola, R. C. B., & Tucci, A. M. (2014). Adaptation and validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) to Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155, 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.031.

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020a). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.

Wang, W., Xu, Y., Gao, R., Lu, R., Han, K., Wu, G., & Tan, W. (2020b). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA networks, 323(18), 1843–1844. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3786.

Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: The gendered impacts of the outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30526-2.

WHO. World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19%2D%2D-11-march-2020

Wong, S. H., & Chow, A. Y. M. (2017). A pilot study to validate measures of the theory of reasoned action for organ donation behavior. Death Studies, 42(4), 216–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1334012.

World Medical Association. (2001). World medical association declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bulletin World Health Organization, 79, 373–374.

Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990.