CONTROLS ON NITROGEN CYCLING IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: A SYNTHETIC ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE DATA

Ecological Monographs - Tập 75 Số 2 - Trang 139-157 - 2005
Mary S. Booth1, John M. Stark2, Edward B. Rastetter3
1Earth Institute, Columbia University, B-15 Hogan Hall, MC 3277, 2110 Broadway, New York, New York 10027 USA
2Department of Biology, and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-5305 USA
3The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 USA

Tóm tắt

Isotope pool dilution studies are increasingly reported in the soils and ecology literature as a means of measuring gross rates of nitrogen (N) mineralization, nitrification, and inorganic N assimilation in soils. We assembled data on soil characteristics and gross rates from 100 studies conducted in forest, shrubland, grassland, and agricultural systems to answer the following questions: What factors appear to be the major drivers for production and consumption of inorganic N as measured by isotope dilution studies? Do rates or the relationships between drivers and rates differ among ecosystem types? Across a wide range of ecosystems, gross N mineralization is positively correlated with microbial biomass and soil C and N concentrations, while soil C:N ratio exerts a negative effect on N mineralization only after adjusting for differences in soil C. Nitrification is a log‐linear function of N mineralization, increasing rapidly at low mineralization rates but changing only slightly at high mineralization rates. In contrast, NH4+ assimilation by soil microbes increases nearly linearly over the full range of mineralization rates. As a result, nitrification is proportionately more important as a fate for NH4+ at low mineralization rates than at high mineralization rates. Gross nitrification rates show no relationship to soil pH, with some of the fastest nitrification rates occurring below pH 5 in soils with high N mineralization rates. Differences in soil organic matter (SOM) composition and concentration among ecosystem types influence the production and fate of mineralized N. Soil organic matter from grasslands appears to be inherently more productive of ammonium than SOM from wooded sites, and SOM from deciduous forests is more so than SOM in coniferous forests, but differences appear to result primarily from differing C:N ratios of organic matter. Because of the central importance of SOM characteristics and concentrations in regulating rates, soil organic matter depletion in agricultural systems appears to be an important determinant of gross process rates and the proportion of NH4+ that is nitrified. Addition of 15N appears to stimulate NH4+ consumption more than NO3− consumption processes; however, the magnitude of the stimulation may provide useful information regarding the factors limiting microbial N transformations.

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Ecological Monographs

Tập 75 Số 2

139-157

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