Brown and Black Carbon Emitted by a Marine Engine Operated on Heavy Fuel Oil and Distillate Fuels: Optical Properties, Size Distributions, and Emission Factors

Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres - Tập 123 Số 11 - Trang 6175-6195 - 2018
Joel C. Corbin1,2, Simone M. Pieber1, Hendryk Czech3, Marco Zanatta1,4, Gert Jakobi5,6, Dario Massabò7,8, Jürgen Orasche5,3,6, Imad El Haddad1, A. A. Mensah9, Benjamin Stengel10,5, Luka Drinovec11,12, Griša Močnik11,12, Ralf Zimmermann5,3,6, Andrê S. H. Prévôt1, M. Gysel1
1Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
2Now at National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
3Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
4Now at Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
5Helmholtz Virtual Institute for Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
6Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
7Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
8INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy
9Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
10Department of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
11Aerosol d.o.o, Ljubljana, Slovenia
12Now at Condensed Matter Physics Department Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia

Tóm tắt

Abstract

We characterized the chemical composition and optical properties of particulate matter (PM) emitted by a marine diesel engine operated on heavy fuel oil (HFO), marine gas oil (MGO), and diesel fuel (DF). For all three fuels, ∼80% of submicron PM was organic (and sulfate, for HFO at higher engine loads). Emission factors varied only slightly with engine load. Refractory black carbon (rBC) particles were not thickly coated for any fuel; rBC was therefore externally mixed from organic and sulfate PM. For MGO and DF PM, rBC particles were lognormally distributed in size (mode at drBC≈120 nm). For HFO, much larger rBC particles were present. Combining the rBC mass concentrations with in situ absorption measurements yielded an rBC mass absorption coefficient MACBC,780nm of 7.8 ± 1.8 m2/g at 780 nm for all three fuels. Using positive deviations of the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) from unity to define brown carbon (brC), we found that brC absorption was negligible for MGO or DF PM (AAE(370,880 nm)≈1.0 ± 0.1) but typically 50% of total 370‐nm absorption for HFO PM. Even at 590 nm, ∼20  of the total absorption was due to brC. Using absorption at 880 nm as a reference for BC absorption and normalizing to organic PM mass, we obtained a MACOM,370nm of 0.4 m2/g at typical operating conditions. Furthermore, we calculated an imaginary refractive index of (0.045 ± 0.025)(λ/370nm)−3 for HFO PM at 370 nm>λ > 660 nm, more than twofold greater than previous recommendations. Climate models should account for this substantial brC absorption in HFO PM.

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Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres

Tập 123 Số 11

6175-6195

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