Bolometers for infrared and millimeter waves

Journal of Applied Physics - Tập 76 Số 1 - Trang 1-24 - 1994
P. L. Richards1
1Department of Physics, University of California, and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720

Tóm tắt

This review describes bolometric detectors for infrared and millimeter waves. The introduction sketches the history of modern bolometers, indicates how they fit into the more general class of thermal detectors, and describes the types of applications for which they are the optimum solution. Section I is a tutorial introduction to the elementary theories of bolometer response, of thermal radiation, and of bolometer noise. Important results are derived from the laws of thermal physics in the simplest possible way. The more rigorous theories of bolometer response and noise that are required for quantitative understanding and optimization are then summarized. This material is intended to provide the background required by workers who wish to choose the appropriate bolometer technology for a given measurement, or to evaluate a novel technology. Section II, then describes the various components of an efficient bolometer and gives details of the fabrication and performance of modern bolometers. This discussion focuses on composite bolometers with semiconducting thermometers for operation at and below liquid helium temperatures. The tradeoffs involved in using superconducting thermometers at low temperatures are discussed. Finally, a discussion is given of bolometers for operation at liquid nitrogen temperature which use the new high-Tc superconductors as thermometers.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

1800, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., 90, 284, 10.1098/rstl.1800.0015

1981, Nature, 25, 14

1942, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 13, 281, 10.1063/1.1770037

1959, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 49, 66, 10.1364/JOSA.49.000066

1962, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 33, 92, 10.1063/1.1717673

1963, J. Phys., 24, 694, 10.1051/jphys:01963002409069400

1961, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 51, 1300, 10.1364/JOSA.51.001300

1974, Rev. Phys. Appl., 9, 69, 10.1051/rphysap:019740090106900

1977, J. Appl. Phys., 48, 4865, 10.1063/1.323612

1984, Appl. Opt., 23, 910, 10.1364/AO.23.000910

1983, Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves, 4, 689, 10.1007/BF01009690

1985, Infrared Phys., 25, 257, 10.1016/0020-0891(85)90088-0

1969, Appl. Opt., 8, 2067, 10.1364/AO.8.002067

1963, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 14, 672, 10.1088/0508-3443/14/10/317

1973, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 44, 1009, 10.1063/1.1686288

1991, IEEE Trans. Magn., MAG-27, 1317

1987, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 26

1953, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 43, 1, 10.1364/JOSA.43.000001

1984, Appl. Opt., 23, 3181, 10.1364/AO.23.003181

1984, Appl. Opt., 23, 584, 10.1364/AO.23.000584

1988, Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves, 9, 861, 10.1007/BF01010626

1986, Appl. Opt., 25, 870, 10.1364/AO.25.000870

1967, Appl. Opt., 6, 1145, 10.1364/AO.6.001145

1982, Appl. Opt., 21, 1125, 10.1364/AO.21.001125

1968, J. Phys. A (Proc. Phys. Soc.), 1, 128

1968, J. Phys. A (Proc. Phys. Soc.), 1, 406

1963, Appl. Opt., 2, 649, 10.1364/AO.2.000649

1985, Appl. Opt., 24, 1407, 10.1364/AO.24.001407

1976, Infrared Phys., 16, 411, 10.1016/0020-0891(76)90080-4

1993, J. Mater. Res., 8, 1341, 10.1557/JMR.1993.1341

1989, Phys. Rev. B, 39, 8476, 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.8476

1992, Phys. Rev. B, 45, 4516, 10.1103/PhysRevB.45.4516

1975, Astrophys. J., 199, L185, 10.1086/181880

1978, Appl. Opt., 19, 1562

1981, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 71, 1020, 10.1364/JOSA.71.001020

1984, Appl. Opt., 23, 654, 10.1364/AO.23.000654

1949, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 20, 816, 10.1063/1.1741396

1961, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 51, 80, 10.1364/JOSA.51.000080

1991, Phys. Rev. B, 43, 9965, 10.1103/PhysRevB.43.9965

1988, Proc. SPIE, 973, 314, 10.1117/12.948379

1992, Appl. Opt., 31, 6610, 10.1364/AO.31.006610

1987, Appl. Opt., 26, 401, 10.1364/AO.26.000401

1993, Phys. Rev. B, 47, 8076, 10.1103/PhysRevB.47.8076

1984, J. Appl. Phys., 56, 1257, 10.1063/1.334129

1970, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 245, 10.1364/JOSA.60.000245

1986, Opt. Eng., 25, 323

1991, Infrared Phys., 31, 291, 10.1016/0020-0891(91)90060-S

1952, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 42, 712, 10.1364/JOSA.42.000712

1992, Astrophys. J., 388, 242, 10.1086/171148

1981, IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., AP-29, 967

1990, Proc. SPIE, 1235, 515, 10.1117/12.19115

1946, Phys. Rev., 70, 308, 10.1103/PhysRev.70.308

1988, Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves, 9, 55, 10.1007/BF01010621

1989, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 36, 946, 10.1109/23.34581

1992, Appl. Opt., 31, 9214

1987, Appl. Phys. Lett., 50, 775, 10.1063/1.98042

1991, IEEE Trans. Magn., MAG-27, 2484

1991, Appl. Phys. Lett., 59, 2329, 10.1063/1.106059

1979, Appl. Phys. Lett., 34, 773, 10.1063/1.90669

1991, Appl. Phys. Lett., 59, 3225, 10.1063/1.105739

1991, Microsc. Opt. Technol. Lett., 4, 15, 10.1002/mop.4650040107

1993, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 3, 2124, 10.1109/77.233921

1993, Appl. Phys. Lett., 63, 3075, 10.1063/1.110237

1989, Appl. Phys. Lett., 54, 283, 10.1063/1.101447

1991, IEEE Trans. Magn., MAG-27, 3077

1993, J. Appl. Phys., 24, 4251

1989, J. Appl. Phys., 66, 4551, 10.1063/1.343928

1990, SPIE Proc., 1292, 155, 10.1117/12.21041

1990, Appl. Phys. Lett., 57, 99, 10.1063/1.103547

1993, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 3, 2856, 10.1109/77.233997

1992, J. Appl. Phys., 71, 2491, 10.1063/1.351063

1989, Appl. Phys. Lett., 55, 2444, 10.1063/1.101998

1991, IEEE Trans. Magn., MAG-27, 3081

1991, Appl. Phys. Lett., 59, 2034, 10.1063/1.106123

1990, Appl. Phys. Lett., 57, 2725, 10.1063/1.103772

1990, Phys. Rev. Lett., 64, 2386, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2386

1971, CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Sci., 2, 467, 10.1080/10408437108243546

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Applied Physics

Tập 76 Số 1

1-24

Thông tin tác giả