Biomedical Differences Between Human and Nonhuman Hominids: Potential Roles for Uniquely Human Aspects of Sialic Acid Biology

Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease - Tập 6 Số 1 - Trang 365-393 - 2011
Nissi Varki1, Elizabeth Strobert2, Edward J. Dick3, Kurt Benirschke1, Ajit Varki1
1Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0687;
2Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30022
3Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78245-0549

Tóm tắt

Although humans are genetically very similar to the evolutionarily related nonhuman hominids (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans), comparative studies suggest a surprising number of uniquely human differences in the incidence and/or severity of biomedical conditions. Some differences are due to anatomical changes that occurred during human evolution. However, many cannot be explained either by these changes or by known environmental factors. Because chimpanzees were long considered models for human disease, it is important to be aware of these differences, which appear to have been deemphasized relative to similarities. We focus on the pathophysiology and pathobiology of biomedical conditions that appear unique to humans, including several speculative possibilities that require further study. We pay particular attention to the possible contributions of uniquely human changes in the biology of cell-surface sialic acids and the proteins that recognize them. We also discuss the metabolic incorporation of a diet-derived nonhuman sialic acid, which generates a novel xeno-autoantigen reaction, and chronic inflammation known as xenosialitis.

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Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease

Tập 6 Số 1

365-393

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