Biogeography of the world: a case study from cyphophthalmid Opiliones, a globally distributed group of arachnids

Journal of Biogeography - Tập 34 Số 12 - Trang 2070-2085 - 2007
Sarah L. Boyer1,2, Ronald M. Clouse1, Ligia R. Benavides1,3, Prashant P. Sharma1, Peter J. Schwendinger4, I. Karunarathna5, Gonzalo Giribet1
1Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
2Present address: Department of Biology, Macalester College, 1600 Grand Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA.
3Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Calle 45, Carrera 30, Bogotá, Colombia
4Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Département des Arthropodes et d’Entomologie I, 1, Route de Malagnou, Case Postale 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Switzerland
5Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Tóm tắt

AbstractAim  To test the hypothesis that continental drift drives diversification of organisms through vicariance, we selected a group of primitive arachnids which originated before the break‐up of Pangaea and currently inhabits all major landmasses with the exception of Antarctica, but lacks the ability to disperse across oceanic barriers.Location  Major continental temperate to tropical landmasses (North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Australia) and continental islands (Bioko, Borneo, Japan, Java, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra).Methods  Five kb of sequence data from five gene regions for more than 100 cyphophthalmid exemplars were analysed phylogenetically using different methods, including direct optimization under parsimony and maximum likelihood under a broad set of analytical parameters. We also used geological calibration points to estimate gross phylogenetic time divergences.Results  Our analyses show that all families except the Laurasian Sironidae are monophyletic and adhere to clear biogeographical patterns. Pettalidae is restricted to temperate Gondwana, Neogoveidae to tropical Gondwana, Stylocellidae to Southeast Asia, and Troglosironidae to New Caledonia. Relationships between the families inhabiting these landmasses indicate that New Caledonia is related to tropical Gondwana instead of to the Australian portion of temperate Gondwana. The results also concur with a Gondwanan origin of Florida, as supported by modern geological data.Main conclusions  By studying a group of organisms with not only an ancient origin, low vagility and restricted habitats, but also a present global distribution, we have been able to test biogeographical hypotheses at a scale rarely attempted. Our results strongly support the presence of a circum‐Antarctic clade of formerly temperate Gondwanan species, a clade restricted to tropical Gondwana and a Southeast Asian clade that originated from a series of early Gondwanan terranes that rifted off northwards from the Devonian to the Triassic and accreted to tropical Laurasia. The relationships among the Laurasian species remain more obscure.

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Journal of Biogeography

Tập 34 Số 12

2070-2085

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