Bilirubin Is an Antioxidant of Possible Physiological Importance
Tóm tắt
Bilirubin, the end product of heme catabolism in mammals, is generally regarded as a potentially cytotoxic, lipid-soluble waste product that needs to be excreted. However, it is shown here that bilirubin, at micromolar concentrations in vitro, efficiently scavenges peroxyl radicals generated chemically in either homogeneous solution or multilamellar liposomes. The antioxidant activity of bilirubin increases as the experimental concentration of oxygen is decreased from 20% (that of normal air) to 2% (physiologically relevant concentration). Furthermore, under 2% oxygen, in liposomes, bilirubin suppresses the oxidation more than α-tocopherol, which is regarded as the best antioxidant of lipid peroxidation. The data support the idea of a "beneficial" role for bilirubin as a physiological, chain-breaking antioxidant.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
KAGAKU BINRAN: 769 (1975).
Ames, B. N., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78: 6858 (1981).
BARCLAY, LRC, AUTOXIDATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES .2. THE AUTOXIDATION OF A MODEL MEMBRANE - A COMPARISON OF THE AUTOXIDATION OF EGG LECITHIN PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE IN WATER AND IN CHLOROBENZENE, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 103: 6478 (1981).
BEER, H, CHIMIA 13: 291 (1959).
BERNHARD, K, UBER EINE BIOLOGISCHE BEDEUTUNG DER GALLENFARBSTOFFE BILIRUBIN UND BILIVERDIN ALS ANTIOXYDANTIEN FUR DAS VITAMIN-A UND DIE ESSENTIELLEN FETTSAUREN, HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA 37: 306 (1954).
BURTON, G.W., IS VITAMIN-E THE ONLY LIPID-SOLUBLE, CHAIN-BREAKING ANTIOXIDANT IN HUMAN-BLOOD PLASMA AND ERYTHROCYTE-MEMBRANES, ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS 221: 281 (1983).
BURTON, G.W., AUTOXIDATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES .1. THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF VITAMIN-E AND RELATED CHAIN-BREAKING PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS INVITRO, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 103: 6472 (1981).
COLLERAN, E, CHEM PHYSL BILE PIGM: 69 (1977).
DEGIER, J, LIPID COMPOSITION AND PERMEABILITY OF LIPOSOMES, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 150: 666 (1968).
ERIN, A.N., FORMATION OF ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL COMPLEXES WITH FATTY-ACIDS - A HYPOTHETICAL MECHANISM OF STABILIZATION OF BIOMEMBRANES BY VITAMIN-E, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 774: 96 (1984).
ERIN, A.N., FORMATION OF ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL COMPLEXES WITH FATTY-ACIDS - NATURE OF COMPLEXES, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 815: 209 (1985).
HALLIWELL B FREE RADICALS BIOL M (1985).
Harman, D., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78: 7124 (1981).
HEIRWEGH KPM BILIRUBIN 1 (1982).
HEIRWEGH KPM BILIRUBIN 2 (1982).
KELLOGG, E.W., SUPEROXIDE, HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE, AND SINGLET OXYGEN IN LIPID PEROXIDATION BY A XANTHINE-OXIDASE SYSTEM, JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 250: 8812 (1975).
LIGHTNER, D.A., MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PHOTOTHERAPY FOR NEONATAL JAUNDICE, ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 17: 417 (1984).
MATSUSHITA, S, CHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF NUCLEIC ACID BASES .1. ANTIOXIDATIVE ABILITY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND THEIR RELATED SUBSTANCES ON OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS 102: 446 (1963).
MAYO, F.R., FREE-RADICAL AUTOXIDATIONS OF HYDROCARBONS, ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 1: 193 (1968).
MCCORD, J.M., OXYGEN-DERIVED FREE-RADICALS IN POSTISCHEMIC TISSUE-INJURY, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 312: 159 (1985).
MCDONAGH, A.F., READY ISOMERIZATION OF BILIRUBIN-IX-ALPHA IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION, BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 129: 797 (1972).
MCDONAGH, A.F., PHOTOTHERAPY FOR NEONATAL JAUNDICE - CONFIGURATIONAL ISOMERS OF BILIRUBIN, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 104: 6865 (1982).
MCDONAGH, A.F., PHOTOTHERAPY FOR NEONATAL JAUNDICE - STEREOSPECIFIC AND REGIOSELECTIVE PHOTO-ISOMERIZATION OF BILIRUBIN BOUND TO HUMAN-SERUM ALBUMIN AND NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF INTRAMOLECULARLY CYCLIZED PHOTOPRODUCTS, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 104: 6867 (1982).
MCDONAGH, A.F., SUNLIGHT-INDUCED MUTATION OF BILIRUBIN IN A LONG-DISTANCE RUNNER, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 314: 121 (1986).
MCDONAGH, A.F., LIKE A SHRIVELLED BLOOD ORANGE - BILIRUBIN, JAUNDICE, AND PHOTOTHERAPY, PEDIATRICS 75: 443 (1985).
MEUWISSEN, JAT, TRANSPORT PROTEINS: 387 (1978).
NIKI, E, OXIDATION OF LIPIDS .8. SYNERGISTIC INHIBITION OF OXIDATION OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE LIPOSOME IN AQUEOUS DISPERSION BY VITAMIN-E AND VITAMIN-C, BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 58: 1971 (1985).
ODELL, G.B., CEREBRAL ENERGY META: 229 (1985).
PORTER, N.A., AUTOXIDATION OF POLY-UNSATURATED LIPIDS - FACTORS CONTROLLING THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF PRODUCT HYDROPEROXIDES, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 102: 5597 (1980).
SARNAT, M, TOPICS NEONATAL NEUR: 109 (1984).
SCHMID, R, METABOLIC BASIS INHE: 1221 (1978).
SRIVASTAVA, S, FLUIDITY, PERMEABILITY AND ANTIOXIDANT BEHAVIOR OF MODEL MEMBRANES INCORPORATED WITH ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL AND VITAMIN-E ACETATE, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 734: 353 (1983).
STOCKER R THESIS AUSTR NATIONA (1985).
TAPPEL, A, EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND NUTRIENTS ON LIPID PEROXIDATION FLUORESCENT PRODUCTS AND AGING PARAMETERS IN MOUSE, JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY 28: 415 (1973).
TAPPEL, A.L., WILL ANTIOXIDANT NUTRIENTS SLOW AGING PROCESSES, GERIATRICS 23: 97 (1968).
YAMAMOTO, Y, OXIDATION OF LIPIDS .1. QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION OF THE OXIDATION OF METHYL LINOLEATE AND METHYL LINOLENATE, BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 55: 1548 (1982).
YAMAMOTO, Y, OXIDATION OF LIPIDS .7. OXIDATION OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES IN HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION AND IN WATER DISPERSION, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 795: 332 (1984).