J. W. Costerton G. G. Geesey K.-J. Cheng Sci. Am. 238 86 (February 1978).
Lawrence J. R., Korber D. R., Hyde B. D., Costerton J. W., Caldwell D. E., J. Bacteriol. 173, 6558 (1991).
Whittaker C. J., Klier C. M., Kolenbrander P. E., Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 50, 513 (1996).
DeBeer D., Stoodley P., Lewandowski Z., Biotech. Bioeng. 44, 636 (1994).
Davies D. G., Chakrabarty A. M., Geesey G. G., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 1181 (1993).
J. W. Costerton et al. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49 711 (1995).
Khoury A. E., Lam K., Ellis B. D., Costerton J. W., Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs J. 38, 174 (1992).
Lambe D. W., Fergeson K. P., Mayberry-Carson K. J., Tober-Meyer B., Costerton J. W., Clin. Orthop. 266, 285 (1991).
K. H. Ward M. E. Olson K. Lam J. W. Costerton J. Med. Microbiol. 36 406 (1992).
D. M. G. Cochrane et al. J. Med. Microbiol. 27 255 (1988).
Marrie T. J., Nelligan J., Costerton J. W., Circulation 66, 1339 (1982).
M. K. Dasgupta et al. Clin. Invest. Med. 12 (1989).
Costerton J. W., Lewandowski Z., Caldwell D. E., Corber D. R., Lappin-Scott H. M., Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 41, 435 (1987);
; M. R. W. Brown and P. Gilbert J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74 87S (1993).
Nickel J. C., Ruseska I., Wright J. B., Costerton J. W., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27, 619 (1985).
M. S. Cheema J. E. Rassing C. Marriott J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (suppl. 38) 53P (1986);
Gordon C. A., Hodges N. A., Marriott C., J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 22, 667 (1988);
Nichols W. W., Dorrington S. M., Slack M. P. E., Walmsley H. L., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32, 518 (1988);
Bolister N., Basker M., Hodges N. A., Marriott C., J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 27, 285 (1991);
Kumon H., Tomochika K., Matunaga T., Ogawa M., Ohmori H., Microbiol. Immunol. 38, 615 (1994);
Ishida H., et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 1641 (1998).
Stewart P. S., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 59, 261 (1998).
Hoyle B. D., Alcantara J., Costerton J. W., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 2054 (1992);
Dunne W. M., Mason E. O., Kaplan S. L., ibid. 37, 2522 (1993);
; H. Yasuda Y. Ajiki T. Koga H. Kawada T. Yokota ibid. p. 1749; R. O. Darouiche et al. J. Infect. Dis. 170 720 (1994);
Suci P., Mittelman M. W., Yu F. P., Geesey G. G., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 2125 (1994);
; H. Yasuda Y. Ajiki T. Koga T. Yokota ibid. p. 138; M. Shigeta et al. Chemotherapy 43 340 (1997);
Vrany J. D., Stewart P. S., Suci P. A., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 1352 (1997).
Stewart P. S., Raquepas J. B., Chem. Eng. Sci. 50, 3099 (1995);
Dibdin G. H., Assinder S. J., Nichols W. W., Lambert P. A., J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 38, 757 (1996);
Stewart P. S., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2517 (1996).
de Beer D., Srinivasan R., Stewart P. S., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 4339 (1994);
Chen X., Stewart P. S., Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2078 (1996);
Xu X., Stewart P. S., Chen X., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 49, 93 (1996);
Liu X., Roe F., Jesaitis A., Lewandowski Z., ibid. 59, 156 (1998).
Brown M. R. W., Allison D. G., Gilbert P., J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 22, 777 (1988).
Kinniment S. L., Wimpenny W. T., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 1629 (1992);
Wentland E., Stewart P. S., Huang C.-T., McFeters G., Biotechnol. Prog. 12, 316 (1996);
Neu T. R., Lawrence J. R., FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 24, 11 (1997);
; K. D. Xu et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 4035 (1998).
Lam J., Chan R., Lam K., Costerton J. W., Infect. Immun. 28, 546 (1980).
Kolter R., Mol. Microbiol. 30, 295 (1998).
Davies D. G., Geesey G. G., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 860 (1995).
McCarter L., Silverman M., Mol. Microbiol. 4, 1057 (1990).
10.1128/jb.176.2.269-275.1994
Fuqua C., Winans S. C., Greenberg E. P., Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 50, 727 (1996).
D. G. Davies et al. Science 280 295 (1998).
Stickler D. J., Morris N. S., McLean R. J. C., Fuqua C., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 3486 (1998).
Boyd A., Chakrabarty A. M., ibid. 60, 2355 (1994).
Puskas A., Greenberg E. P., Kaplan S., Schaefer A. L., J. Bacteriol. 179, 7530 (1997).
Welsh M. J., Smith A. E., Cell 73, 1251 (1993);
; M. J. Welsh T. F. Boat L.-C. Tsui A. L. Beaudet in The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Diseases A. L. Scriver A. L. Beaudet W. S. Sly D. Valle Eds. (McGraw-Hill New York 1995) vol. 3 pp. 3799–3876.
Joris L., Dab I., Quinton P. M., Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 148, 1633 (1993);
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81099-5
; M. J. Goldman et al. ibid. 88 553 (1997);
Zabner J., Smith J. J., Karp P. H., Widdicombe J. H., Welsh M. J., Mol. Cell 2, 397 (1998);
Pier G. B., Grout M., Zaidi T. S., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 12088 (1997).
Johansen H. K., Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. 104, 1 (1996).
We thank P. Dirckx K. Lange and N. Zear for help in preparation of figures. Supported by NSF grant MCB 9808308 NIH grant GM59026 and Cystic Fibrosis Foundation grant 97Z0 (E.P.G.) and by cooperative agreement ECD-8907039 with the Engineering Research Centers and Education Division of NSF (J.W.C. and P.S.S.).
