Autistic Traits and Symptoms of Social Anxiety are Differentially Related to Attention to Others’ Eyes in Social Anxiety Disorder
Tóm tắt
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) have partly overlapping symptoms. Gaze avoidance has been linked to both SAD and ASD, but little is known about differences in social attention between the two conditions. We studied eye movements in a group of treatment-seeking adolescents with SAD (N = 25), assessing SAD and ASD dimensionally. The results indicated a double dissociation between two measures of social attention and the two symptom dimensions. Controlling for social anxiety, elevated autistic traits were associated with delayed orienting to eyes presented among distractors. In contrast, elevated social anxiety levels were associated with faster orienting away from the eyes, when controlling for autistic traits. This distinction deepens our understanding of ASD and SAD.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amaral, D., Bauman, M., & Mills Schumann, C. (2003). The amygdala and autism: Implications from non-human primate studies. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 2(5), 295–302.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5 ®). American Psychiatric Pub.
Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(8), 704–723.
Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., & Charman, T. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). The Lancet, 368(9531), 210–215.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1998). Social phobia and anxiety inventory for children: SPAI-C. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Bejerot, S., & Mörtberg, E. (2009). Do autistic traits play a role in the bullying of obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia sufferers? Psychopathology, 42(3), 170–176.
Bögels, S. M., & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(7), 827–856.
Bölte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008). Assessing autistic traits: Cross-cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Autism Research, 1(6), 354–363.
Cath, D. C., Ran, N., Smit, J. H., Van Balkom, A. J., & Comijs, H. C. (2007). Symptom overlap between autism spectrum disorder, generalized social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: A preliminary case-controlled study. Psychopathology, 41(2), 101–110.
Chawarska, K., Macari, S., & Shic, F. (2013). Decreased spontaneous attention to social scenes in 6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 74(3), 195–203.
Chevallier, C., Grèzes, J., Molesworth, C., Berthoz, S., & Happé, F. (2012a). Brief report: Selective social anhedonia in high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1504–1509.
Chevallier, C., Kohls, G., Troiani, V., Brodkin, E. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2012b). The social motivation theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 231–239.
Cholemkery, H., Mojica, L., Rohrmann, S., Gensthaler, A., & Freitag, C. M. (2014). Can autism spectrum disorders and social anxiety disorders be differentiated by the social responsiveness scale in children and adolescents? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1168–1182.
Constantino, J. N., & Gruber, C. P. (2007). Social responsiveness scale (SRS). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2005). Intergenerational transmission of subthreshold autistic traits in the general population. Biological Psychiatry, 57(6), 655–660.
Corden, B., Chilvers, R., & Skuse, D. (2008). Avoidance of emotionally arousing stimuli predicts social–perceptual impairment in Asperger’s syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 46(1), 137–147.
Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H., … Davidson, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8(4), 519–526.
Dawson, G., Toth, K., Abbott, R., Osterling, J., Munson, J., Estes, A., & Liaw, J. (2004). Early social attention impairments in autism: Social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress. Developmental Psychology, 40(2), 271.
Falck-Ytter, T., Bölte, S., & Gredebäck, G. (2013). Eye tracking in early autism research. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 5(1), 28.
Freeth, M., Chapman, P., Ropar, D., & Mitchell, P. (2010). Do gaze cues in complex scenes capture and direct the attention of high functioning adolescents with ASD? Evidence from eye-tracking. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 534–547.
Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 760.
Guillon, Q., Rogé, B., Afzali, M. H., Baduel, S., Kruck, J., & Hadjikhani, N. (2016). Intact perception but abnormal orientation towards face-like objects in young children with ASD. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/srep22119.
Horley, K., Williams, L. M., Gonsalvez, C., & Gordon, E. (2003). Social phobics do not see eye to eye: A visual scanpath study of emotional expression processing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(1), 33–44.
Horley, K., Williams, L. M., Gonsalvez, C., & Gordon, E. (2004). Face to face: Visual scanpath evidence for abnormal processing of facial expressions in social phobia. Psychiatry Research, 127(1), 43–53.
Jobe, L. E., & White, S. W. (2007). Loneliness, social relationships, and a broader autism phenotype in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(8), 1479–1489.
Johnson, M. H., Senju, A., & Tomalski, P. (2015). The two-process theory of face processing: Modifications based on two decades of data from infants and adults. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 50(1), 169–179.
Kleberg, J. L., Thorup, E., & Falck-Ytter, T. (2016). Visual orienting in children with autism: Hyper-responsiveness to human eyes presented after a brief alerting audio-signal, but hypo-responsiveness to eyes presented without sound. Autism Research. doi:10.1002/aur.1668.
Kylliäinen, A., & Hietanen, J. K. (2006). Skin conductance responses to another person’s gaze in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4), 517–525.
Lee, I. A., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Calculation for the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common [Computer software]. Available from http://quantpsy.org.
Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). The Karolinska directed emotional faces (KDEF). CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology section, Karolinska Institutet.
Mandy, W., Chilvers, R., Chowdhury, U., Salter, G., Seigal, A., & Skuse, D. (2012). Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a large sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(7), 1304–1313.
Moriuchi, J. M, Klin, A., & Jones, W. (2016). Mechanisms of diminished attention to eyes in autism. American Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091222.
Moukheiber, A., Rautureau, G., Perez-Diaz, F., Soussignan, R., Dubal, S., Jouvent, R., & Pelissolo, A. (2010). Gaze avoidance in social phobia: Objective measure and correlates. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(2), 147–151.
Piven, J., & Palmer, P. (1999). Psychiatric disorder and the broad autism phenotype: Evidence from a family study of multiple-incidence autism families. American Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.557.
Puleo, C. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2011). Anxiety disorders in typically developing youth: Autism spectrum symptoms as a predictor of cognitive-behavioral treatment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(3), 275–286.
Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. (2009). Do faces capture the attention of individuals with Williams syndrome or autism? Evidence from tracking eye movements. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(3), 421–431.
Schneier, F., & Socha, J. (2010). Is there a spectrum of social anxiety disorder?. In H. Simpson, Y. Neria, R. Lewis-Fernándex & F. Schneier (Eds.), Anxiety disorders-theory, research, and clinical perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schulze, L., Renneberg, B., & Lobmaier, J. S. (2013). Gaze perception in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00872.
Shic, F., Macari, S., & Chawarska, K. (2014). Speech disturbs face scanning in 6-month-old infants who develop autism spectrum disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 75(3), 231–237.
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921–929.
South, M., Larson, M. J., White, S. E., Dana, J., & Crowley, M. J. (2011). Better fear conditioning is associated with reduced symptom severity in autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 4(6), 412–421.
Waters, A. M., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2014). Biased attention to threat in paediatric anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder) as a function of ‘distress’ versus ‘fear’ diagnostic categorization. Psychological Medicine, 44(3), 607–616.
Whalen, P. J., Kagan, J., Cook, R. G., Davis, F. C., Kim, H., Polis, S., … Johnstone, T. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306(5704), 2061.
Whalen, P. J., Raila, H., Bennett, R., Mattek, A., Brown, A., Taylor, J., … Palmer, A. (2013). Neuroscience and facial expressions of emotion: The role of amygdala–prefrontal interactions. Emotion Review, 5(1), 78–83.
White, S. W., Maddox, B. B., & Panneton, R. K. (2015). Fear of negative evaluation influences eye gaze in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3446–3457.
White, S. W., Ollendick, T. H., & Bray, B. C. (2011). College students on the autism spectrum: Prevalence and associated problems. Autism, 15, 683–671.
White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(3), 216–229.
Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., Weyers, P., Alpers, G. W., & Mühlberger, A. (2009). Fear of negative evaluation and the hypervigilance-avoidance hypothesis: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Neural Transmission, 116(6), 717–723.
