Assessment of toxic normal saturated hydrocarbons in the Arabian seawater and Omani freshwater samples using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Tóm tắt
The NHs contaminated water samples can cause several health problems such as skin irritation, acne, irregular breathing, lung irritation, cardiac arrest, itching, central nervous system (CNS), and cancer. Therefore, this current study aims to develop extraction and detection methods for normal hydrocarbons (NHs) in water samples with dichloromethane (DCM) and to detect and quantify the level of NHs in the seawater and freshwater samples by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Sixty-four water samples were collected from five different ports of Oman, including, Matrah, Al Mouj Marina, Salalah, Duqm, and Sohar ports, and one fresh water from Falaj Daris. The solvent–solvent extraction method was used to extract the NHs of seawater and freshwater sample with DCM. The DCM layer was passed through the silica gel column and evaporated DCM by using a rotary evaporator at low temperature and pressure. The samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The results showed that all collected seawater and freshwater samples contain NHs, but the concentration is below the detection limit. The water samples of those selected areas were not polluted by NHs toxicants. In conclusion, the low concentration of NHs could be due to the effective treatment of effluents discharged by industries, refineries, ships, and other marine vehicles. So far, it is the first report on extracting and detecting NHs in seawater and freshwater samples using LC/MS.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Haseena M, Faheem MM, Javed A, Arshad S, Asif N, Zulfiqar S (2017) Water pollution and human health. Environ Risk Assess Remedial 13:01–03
Owa F (2013) Water pollution: sources, effects, control and management. Mediterranean J Social Sci 4(8):65–70
Mainali K (2020) Phenolic compounds contaminants in water: a glance. Curr Trends Civil Struct Eng 4(4):1–3
Montes R, Aguirre J, Vidal X, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB (2017) Screening for polar chemicals in water by trifunctional mixed-mode liquid chromatography—high resolution mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 51:6250–6259
Richardson SD, Ternes TA (2018) Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 90:398–428
Schulze S, Zahn D, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Knepper TP, Reemtsma T, Berger U (2019) Occurrence of emerging persistent and mobile organic contaminants in European water samples. Water Res 153:80–90
Hancock N (2022). Safe drinking water foundation. Safe drinking water foundation. Available from: https://www.safewater.org/fact-sheets-1/2017/1/23/water-pollution, Accessed 28 Sep 2022
Major Ports in Oman (2022). Marine Insight. Available from: https://www.google.com/search?q=oman+ports&oq=Oman+ports&aqs=chrome.0.0i512l5j0i10i22i30j0i22i30l2j0i390l2.4993j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8/. Accessed 9 Dec 2022
Hossain MA, Salehuddin SM (2008) Toxic normal hydrocarbons (NHs) in the fish samples from different parts of Bangladesh. Ind J Chem 8(2):141–145
Hossain MA, Salehuddin SM, Kabir J (2008) Separation and identification of normal hydrocarbon, nonadecane in cabbage samples (Brassica oleracea var Capita F. Alba) by GC-MS. Ind J Chem 8(3):380–384
Burns KA, Teal JM (1998) The West Falmouth oil spill: hydrocarbons in the salt marsh ecosystem. Estuarial Coast Marine Sci 8(4):349–360
Zrafi-Nouira I, Saidane-Mosbahi D, Abdelghani S, Bakhrouf A, Rouabhia M (2012) Crude oil metagenomics for better bioremediation of contaminated environments. Introduction to enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Proc Bioremed Oil-Cont Sites 23:261–267
Aas E, Baussant T, Balk L, Liewenborg B, Andersen OK (2000) PAHs metabolites in bile, cytochrome P4501A and DNA adducts as environmental risk parameters for chronic oil exposure: a laboratory experiment with Atlantic cod. Aquat Toxicol 51(2):241–258
Saif Uddin S, Fowler SW, Saeed T, Jupp BP, Faizuddin M (2021) Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sediments from the Gulf and Omani waters: status and review. Marine Poll Bull 173:230–240
Al-Lawati NA, Al-Bahrani BJ, Al-Raisi SS, Al-Lawati JA (2019) Twenty-year trends of cancer incidence in Omanis, 1996–2015. Oman Med J 34(4):361–387
Ongley ED (2019). Global water pollution: challenges and opportunities. Proceedings: integrated measures to overcome barriers to minimizing harmful fluxes from land to water. Publication No. 3, Stockholm Water Symposium, 10–14, Stockholm, Sweden. 23–30
Hossain MA, Salehuddin SM, Hanif MA, Pankaj KK (2009) Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), anthracene in cabbage samples from Bangladesh. Asian J Food Agro Ind 2(02):315–320
Mottaleb MA, Ferdous M, Islam MS, Salehuddin SM, Hossain MA (2009) Determination of normal saturated hydrocarbons in the Buriganga river water of Bangladesh by Gas Liquid Chromatography. Anal Sci 15:995–1000
Al-Bahry SN, Mahmoud IY, Al-Musharafi SK, Al-Gharibi IS, Al-Harthy NK, Al-Zadjali HA (2014) Microbial and chemical pollution of water-wells relative to sewage effluents in Oman. IAFOR J Sust Ener Environ 1:1–10
Honda M, Suzuki N (2020) Toxicities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for aquatic animals. Inter J Environ Res Pub Heal 17(4):1363–1367
Faustorilla MV, Chen Z, Dharmarajan R, Naidu R (2017) Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in Australian groundwater through the improvised gas chromatography–flame ionization detection technique. J Chromato Sci 55(8):775–783
Cortes JE, Suspes A, Roa S, Gonzalez C, Castro HE (2012) Total petroleum hydrocarbons by gas chromatography in Colombian waters and soils. Amer J Environ Sci 8:396–402
Hossain MA, Salehuddin SM, Abedin Z (1999) Stability study of monomethyl and dimethyl phenols in aqueous medium by Gas Liquid Chromatography. Nucl Sci Appl 8(1–2):95–97
Hossain MA, Salehuddin SM, Kabir MJ (2008) Identification of some carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Bangladeshi vehicles exhaust tar samples by GC-MS. Ind J Chem 8(3):353–355
Denchak M (2018). Fossil fuels: the dirty facts. National Research Development Corporation (NRDC)
Hossain MA, Salehuddin SM, Kabir MJ (2009) Identification and quantification of naphthalene in water samples of Buriganga River in Bangladesh by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Asian J Ener Environ 10(04):230–240
Olah GA, Molnár Á (2003). Hydrocarbon chemistry. John Wiley & Sons; 2003;10
Somma S, Reverchon E, Baldino L (2021) Water purification of classical and emerging organic pollutants: an extensive review. Chem Eng 5(3):47–50
Victoria MS, Nangia BS (1987) Hydrocarbon poisoning: a review. Ped Emer Care 3(3):184–186
Yeasmin F, Rahman SMM, Rana S, Fatema KJ, Hossain MA (2011) Determination of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, anthracene in different varieties of fish samples in the Bangshai river of Bangladesh. Afri J Food Agri Nutr Develop 11(2):4664–4679