Assessment of energy efficiency and sustainability scenarios in the transport system
Tóm tắt
Energy Policy is one of the main drivers of Transport Policy. A number of strategies to reduce current energy consumption trends in the transport sector have been designed over the last decades. They include fuel taxes, more efficient technologies and changing travel behavior through demand regulation. But energy market has a high degree of uncertainty and the effectiveness of those policy options should be assessed. A scenario based assessment methodology has been developed in the frame of the EU project STEPS. It provides an integrated view of Energy efficiency, environment, social and competitiveness impacts of the different strategies. It has been applied at European level and to five specific Regions. The results are quite site specific dependent. However they show that regulation measures appear to be more effective than new technology investments. Higher energy prices could produce on their turn a deterioration of competitiveness and a threat for social goals.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Carslaw DC, Beevers SD (2002) The efficacy of low emission zones in central London as a means of reducing nitrogen dioxide concentrations. Transp Res 7D:49–64
Stead D (2001) Transport intensity in Europe-indicators and trends. Transp Policy 8(1):29–46
IEA (1998) Energy efficiency initiative. Volume 1: energy policy analysis. IEA, Paris
IPCC (2001) Climate Change 2001. IPCC Third Assessment Report
UNDP (2000) World energy assessment: energy and the challenge of sustainability. United Nations Development Programme, New York
OECD (1998) Improving the environment through reducing subsidies, Part I: summary and policy conclusions, and Part II: analysis and overview of studies. OECD, Paris
EEA (2010) Towards a resource-efficient transport system, TERM 2009: indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union. European Environment Agency, Technical report No 2/2010. Available at: http://www.eea. europa.eu/publications/towards-a-resource-efficient-transport-system
Steenberghen T, López E (2008) Overcoming barriers to the implementation of alternative fuels for road transport in Europe. J Clean Prod 16(5):577–590
Litman T (2005a) Efficient vehicles versus efficient transportation. Comparing transportation energy conservation strategies. Transp Policy 12(2):121–129
Litman T (2005b) Well measured: developing indicators for comprehensive and sustainable Transport Planning, VTIP; at www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf
Goldman T, Gorham R (2006) Sustainable urban transport: four innovative directions. Technol Soc 28:261–273
OECD (2002) Policy instruments for achieving environmentally sustainable transport. OECD Publications, Paris, France
Geurs K, van Wee B (2004) Backcasting as a Tool for Sustainable Transport Policy Making: the Environmentally Sustainable Transport. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. The Netherlands, Delft University. EJTIR, 4, no. 1, pp. 47–69
EC (2004) Energy and transport: report 2000–2004. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
EU (2004) Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, Official Journal of the European Union, OJ 2004/C, 310/0, 16/12/2004 . (Article III-256, Section 10: Energy, Title III, Part III)
EC (2001) White paper: European transport policy for 2010: time to decide. COM (2001) 370 final
EC (2006) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Keep Europe moving - Sustainable mobility for our continent - Mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport White paper [COM(2006)314]
EC (2000) Green paper: towards a european strategy for the security of energy supply. COM (2000) 769 final
EC (2004b) Decision No 884/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Decision No 1692/96/EC on 21 April 2004 on Community guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network
Banister D, Stead D, Steen P (2000) European transport policy and sustainable mobility. Spon Press, London, New York
Stead D, Banister D (2003) Transport policy scenario building. Transp Plan Technol 26(6):513–536
Ozan C, Haldenbilen S, Ceylan H (2011) Estimating emissions on vehicular traffic based on projected energy and transport demand on rural roads: policies for reducing air pollutant emissions and energy consumption. Energy Policy. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.02.021
Aranda A, Valero A, Zabalza I, Scarpellini S, Llera E (2011) Energy 36:1916–1923
Rajan SCh (2006) Climate change dilemma: technology, social change or both? An examination of the long-term transport policy choices in the United States. Energy Policy 34:664–679
Fiorello D, Fermi F, Bielanska D (2010) The ASTRA model for strategic assessment of transport policies. Syst Dyn Rev 26:283–290
Wegener M (2008) SASI model description. Working Paper 08/01. Dortmund: Spiekermann & Wegener Urban and Regional Research
Russ P, Wiesenthal T, van Regemorter D, Ciscar JC (2007) Global climate policy scenarios for 2030 and beyond – Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pathway Scenarios with the POLES and GEM-E3 models, Reference Report of the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, doi: 10.2791/576
Wegener M (1998) The IRPUD model: overview. http://irpud.raumplanung.uni-dortmund.de/irpud/pro/mod/mod_e.htm
Echenique MH, Flowerdew AD, Hunt JD, Mayo TR, Skidmore IJ, Simmonds DC (1990) The MEPLAN models of Bilbao, Leeds and Dortmund. Transp Rev 10:309–322
Ministry of the Region of Brussels-Capital (1998) Plan IRIS - Plan Régional de Déplacements, Regional Mobility Plan, Ministère de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Bruxelles
Pfaffenbichler P, Emberger G, Shepherd S (2008) The integrated dynamic land use and transport model MARS. Netw Spat Econ 8(2–3):183–200
STEPS Consortium (2005) “Deliverable no. 4.1 - Modelling suite for scenarios simulations.” STEPs (Scenarios for the Transport system and Energy supply and their Potential effectS), funded by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme. Retrieved September, 2011 from http://www.steps-eu.com/reports.htm
López E, Monzón A (2010) Integration of sustainability issues in strategic transportation planning: a multi-criteria model for the assessment of transport infrastructure plans. Comput Aided Civ Infrastruct Eng 25(6):440–451
Castillo H, Pitfield DE (2010) ELASTIC-A methodological framework for identifying and selecting sustainable transport indicators. Transp Res D 15:179–188
Litman T (2008) Developing indicators for comprehensive and sustantinable transport planning. Transportation Research Record 2017, TRB, pp 10–15
Nijkamp P, Rietveld P, Voogd H (1990) Multicriteria evaluation in physical planning, North Holland, Amsterdam
De Montis A, de Toro P, Droste-Franke B, Omann I, Stagl S (2005) Assesing the quality of different MCDA methods. In: Getzner M, Spash C, Stagl S (eds) Alternatives for environmental valuation. Routledge, Oxford, UK, pp 99–133
Spiekermann & Wegener (2006) Comparability of scenario results. STEPs Technical Note S&W STEPs 01. Dortmund. Spiekermann & Wegener Urban and Regional Research. Retrieved September 2011 from http://www.spiekermann-wegener.de/pro/pdf/SuW_STEPs_03.pdf
Fiorello D, Huismans G, López E, Marques C, Steenberghen T, Wegener M, Zografos G (2006) Transport Strategies under the Scarcity of Energy Supply. STEPs Final Report, edited by A. Monzon and A. Nuijten. The Hague: Buck Consultants International. Retrieved September, 2011 from http://www.steps-eu.com/reports.htm