Đánh giá về chính thể quản lý trong quy hoạch không gian biển
Tóm tắt
Quy hoạch không gian biển (MSP) đang được các nhà ủng hộ thúc đẩy như một quá trình công bằng và hợp lý có thể giải quyết các vấn đề quản lý phức tạp. Chúng tôi lập luận rằng MSP không phải là một quá trình tự nhiên hợp lý và vấn đề biển được thể hiện theo những cách cụ thể, thường phản ánh các chương trình nghị sự thống trị. Ảo tưởng về tính hợp lý không thiên lệch trong MSP xuất phát từ các chính thể dường như tiến bộ nhưng phục vụ cho lợi ích của tầng lớp elite. Bằng cách hiểu sự hình thành của các chính thể, chúng tôi có thể thiết kế các quy trình quy hoạch công bằng hơn. Chúng tôi khái niệm hóa các chính thể như bao gồm các vấn đề, lý lẽ và công nghệ quản lý, và đánh giá các kế hoạch biển đầu tiên của Anh để hiểu cách mà các chính thể cụ thể làm giảm tính cách mạng của MSP. Chúng tôi nhận thấy rằng các khung chính trị tiến bộ về kết quả của MSP, chẳng hạn như nâng cao sức khỏe cộng đồng, được chính phủ sử dụng để thu hút sự ủng hộ ban đầu cho MSP. Tuy nhiên, những yếu tố này trở nên bị vấn đề hóa một cách thoái trào trong các giai đoạn quy hoạch sau, nơi chúng được chính phủ định hình là khó đạt được và bị đẩy vào các chu kỳ tiếp theo của quá trình. Việc loại bỏ các yếu tố tiến bộ khỏi quá trình quy hoạch mở đường cho chính phủ tập trung vào việc thực hiện một hình thức MSP theo hướng tân tự do. Những nỗ lực thúc đẩy MSP một cách cách mạng cần chú ý đến sự xuất hiện của các chính thể, cách chúng di chuyển qua thời gian/không gian và nhận thức nơi có thể chèn vào sự khác biệt trong các quy trình quy hoạch. Để đạt được MSP tiến bộ sẽ cần phải tạo ra một ranh giới chính trị sớm trong quá trình, mà không thể vượt qua cho đến khi các con đường hướng đến kết quả xã hội-môi trường tiến bộ đã được thiết lập; vận động cho các nhóm bị tước quyền; mở rộng các đánh giá MSP để tính đến các tác động không mong muốn; và theo dõi các mục tiêu tiến bộ.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aschenbrenner, M., and G.M. Winder. 2019. Planning for a sustainable marine future? Marine spatial planning in the German exclusive economic zone of the North Sea. Applied Geography 110: 102050.
Barbesgaard, M. 2018. Blue growth: Savior or ocean grabbing? Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (1): 130–149.
Bennett, N.J., J. Blythe, A.M. Cisneros-Montemayor, G.G. Singh, and U.R. Sumaila. 2019. Just transformations to sustainability. Sustainability 11 (14): 3881.
Benyon, R., 2010. Richard Benyon speech – Charting Progress 2 launch. 21st July. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/richard-benyon-speech-charting-progress-2-launch. Accessed 25 Aug 2018.
Blythe, J., J. Silver, L. Evans, D. Armitage, N.J. Bennett, M.L. Moore, T.H. Morrison, and K. Brown. 2018. The dark side of transformation: Latent risks in contemporary sustainability discourse. Antipode 50 (5): 1206–1223.
Boucquey, N., L. Fairbanks, K.S. Martin, L.M. Campbell, and B. McCay. 2016. The ontological politics of marine spatial planning: Assembling the ocean and shaping the capacities of ‘community’ and ‘environment’. Geoforum 75: 1–11.
Boucquey, N., St Martin, K., Fairbanks, L., Campbell, L. M., & Wise, S. (2019). Ocean data portals: Performing a new infrastructure for ocean governance. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space37 (3): 484–503
Bresnihan, P. 2019. Revisiting neoliberalism in the oceans: Governmentality and the biopolitics of ‘improvement’ in the Irish and European fisheries. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51 (1): 156–177.
Choi, Y.R. 2017. The Blue Economy as governmentality and the making of new spatial rationalities. Dialogues in Human Geography 7 (1): 37–41.
Clarke, J. and Flannery, W., 2020. The post-political nature of marine spatial planning and modalities for its re-politicisation. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 22 (2): 170–183.
Cohen, P., E.H. Allison, N.L. Andrew, J.E. Cinner, L.S. Evans, M. Fabinyi, L.R. Garces, S.J. Hall, C.C. Hicks, T.P. Hughes, and S. Jentoft. 2019. Securing a just space for small-scale fisheries in the blue economy. Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 171.
Dean, M. 1999. Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society. London: Sage.
DEFRA, 2010. Radical new way of managing our seas published today. 21st July 2010. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/radical-new-way-of-managing-our-seas-published-today. Accessed 25 Aug 2019.
DEFRA. 2011. UK Marine Policy Statement. London: The Stationery Office Limited.
DEFRA. 2014. East Inshore and East Offshore Marine Plans. London: DEFRA.
DEFRA. 2017. Three-year report on the East Marine Plans. London: DEFRA.
Díaz, S., U. Pascual, M. Stenseke, B. Martín-López, R.T. Watson, Z. Molnár, R. Hill, K.M. Chan, I.A. Baste, K.A. Brauman, and S. Polasky. 2018. Assessing nature’s contributions to people. Science 359 (6373): 270–272.
Douvere, F. 2008. The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management. Marine Policy 32 (5): 762–771.
Dreyfus, H.L., and P. Rabinow. 2014. Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics. Routledge.
Dupont, D., and F. Pearce. 2001. Foucault contra Foucault: Rereading the ‘Governmentality’ papers. Theoretical Criminology 5: 123–158.
Ehler, C. and Douvere, F. (2009). Marine Spatial Planning: a step-by-step approach toward ecosystem-based management. (No. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme. IOC Manual and Guides No. 53, ICAM Dossier No. 6). Paris: UNESCO.
Fairbanks, L. 2019. Policy mobilities and the sociomateriality of US offshore aquaculture governance. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 37 (5): 849–867.
Fairbanks, L., L.M. Campbell, N. Boucquey, and K. St. Martin. 2018. Assembling enclosure: Reading marine spatial planning for alternatives. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 108 (1): 144–161.
Fairbanks, L., N. Boucquey, L.M. Campbell, and S. Wise. 2019. Remaking oceans governance: Critical perspectives on marine spatial planning. Environment and Society 10 (1): 122–140.
Flannery, W., 2011. Marine spatial planning from an irish perspective: Towards best practice in integrated maritime governance (Doctoral dissertation). National University of Ireland, Galway.
Flannery, W., Ellis, G., Nursey-Bray, M., van Tatenhove, J. P., ... & Jentoft, S. (2016). Exploring the winners and losers of marine environmental governance/Marine spatial planning: Cui bono?/“More than fishy business”: epistemology, integration and conflict in marine spatial planning/Marine spatial planning: power and scaping/Surely not all planning is evil?/Marine spatial planning: a Canadian perspective/Maritime spatial planning–“ad utilitatem omnium”/Marine spatial planning:“it is better to be on the train than being hit by it”/Reflections from the perspective of recreational anglers .... Planning Theory & Practice, 17(1), 121–151.
Flannery, W., N. Healy, and M. Luna. 2018. Exclusion and non-participation in marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 88: 32–40.
Flannery, W., J. Clarke, and B. McAteer. 2019. Politics and power in marine spatial planning. In Maritime Spatial Planning, ed. J. Zaucha and K. Gee, 201–217. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fletcher, R. 2010. Neoliberal environmentality: Towards a poststructuralist political ecology of the conservation debate. Conservation and Society 8 (3): 171–181. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.73806.
Flyvberg, B. 1998. Rationality and power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Flyvbjerg, B., and T. Richardson. 2002. Planning and Foucault: In search of the dark side of planning theory. In Planning futures: New directions for planning theory, ed. P. Allmendinger and M. Tewdwr-Jones, 44–62. London and New York: Routledge.
Foley, M.M., B.S. Halpern, F. Micheli, M.H. Armsby, M.R. Caldwell, C.M. Crain, E. Prahler, N. Rohr, D. Sivas, M.W. Beck, and M.H. Carr. 2010. Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 34 (5): 955–966.
Foley, P., D.A. Okyere, and C. Mather. 2018. Alternative environmentalities: Recasting the assessment of Canada’s first Marine Stewardship Council-certified fishery in social terms. Ecology and Society 23 (3).
Foucault, M. 1982. The subject and power. In Michel Foucault. Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics, ed. H. Dreyfus and P. Rabinow, 208–226. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Foucault, M. 1991a. Questions of method. In The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality, ed. G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, 73–86. London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf.
Foucault, M. 1991b. Governmentality. In The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality, ed. G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, 87–104. London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf.
Foucault, M. 2003. The subject and power. In The essential Foucault: Selections from essential works of Foucault, ed. P. Rabinow and N. Rose, 1954–1984. London: The New Press.
Foucault, M. 2007. Security, territory, population. Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–78. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Garland, M., S. Axon, M. Graziano, J. Morrissey, and C.P. Heidkamp. 2019. The blue economy: Identifying geographic concepts and sensitivities. Geography Compass 13 (7): e12445.
Gissi, E., S. Fraschetti, and F. Micheli. 2019. Incorporating change in marine spatial planning: A review. Environmental Science & Policy 92: 191–200.
Hadjimichael, M. 2018. A call for a blue degrowth: Unravelling the European Union’s fisheries and maritime policies. Marine Policy 94: 158–164.
Hannah, M.G. 2000. Governmentality and the mastery of territory in nineteenth-century America. Vol. 32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harvey, D. 1985. The urbanization of capital. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hillier, J. 2015. Performances and performativities of resilience. In Evolutionary governance theory, ed. R. Beunen, K. van Assche, and M. Duineveld, 167–183. Heidelberg: Springer.
Hutchinson, S., and P. O’Malley. 2019. Discipline and Governmentality. In The handbook of social control, ed. M. Deflen, 63–75. New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell.
Hutter, G., M. Leibenath, and A. Mattissek. 2014. Governing through resilience? Exploring flood protection in Dresden, Germany. Social Science 3: 272–287.
Huxley, M. 2008. Space and government: Governmentality and geography. Geography Compass 2 (5): 1635–1658.
Jay, S., W. Flannery, J. Vince, W.-H. Liu, J.G. Xue, M. Matczak, et al. 2013. International progress in marine spatial planning. Ocean Yearbook Online 27: 171–212.
Johnsen, J.P. 2017. Creating political spaces at sea–governmentalisation and governability in Norwegian fisheries. Maritime Studies 16 (1): 18.
Jones, P.J., L.M. Lieberknecht, and W. Qiu. 2016. Marine spatial planning in reality: Introduction to case studies and discussion of findings. Marine Policy 71: 256–264.
Kelly, C., G. Ellis, and W. Flannery. 2018. Conceptualising change in marine governance: Learning from transition management. Marine Policy 95: 24–35.
Kelly, C., G. Ellis, and W. Flannery. 2019. Unravelling persistent problems to transformative marine governance. Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 213.
Lemke, T. 2001. ‘The birth of bio-politics’: Michel Foucault’s lecture at the Collège de France on neo-liberal governmentality. Economies et Societes 30 (2): 190–207.
Lemke, T. 2019. A critique of political reason: Foucault’s analysis of modern governmentality. New York: Verso.
McKee, K. 2009. Post-Foucauldian governmentality: What does it offer critical social policy analysis? Critical Social Policy 29 (3): 465–486.
Merlingen, M. 2011. From governance to governmentality in CSDP: Towards a Foucauldian research agenda. Journal of Common Market Studies 49: 149–169.
MMO, 2013. Government takes action to cut red tape for coastal projects and investments. 26th February 2013. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-takes-action-to-cut-red-tape-for-coastal-projects-and-investments. Accessed 25 Aug 2019.
MMO, 2014. East inshore and East Offshore marine plan areas: Evidence and issues report overview report 2012.
MMO, 2015. East Inshore and Offshore marine plan areas: Statement of public participation, Revised March 2015.
Moon, J., W. Flannery, and A. Revez. 2017. Discourse and practice of participatory flood risk management in Belfast, UK. Land Use Policy 63: 408–417.
Mouffe, C. 2018. For a left populism. London: Verso.
Murphy, E., and L. Fox-Rogers. 2015. Perceptions of the common good in planning. Cities 42: 231–241.
Murray, G., B. Neis, C.T. Palmer, and D.C. Schneider. 2008. Mapping cod: Fisheries science, fish harvesters’ ecological knowledge and cod migrations in the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Human Ecology 36 (4): 581–598.
O’Malley, P., L. Weir, and C. Shearing. 1997. Governmentality, criticism, politics. Economies et Societes 26: 501–517.
Peters, K., and P. Steinberg. 2019. The ocean in excess: Towards a more-than-wet ontology. Dialogues in Human Geography 9 (3): 293–307.
Quesada-Silva, M., A. Iglesias-Campos, A. Turra, and J.L. Suárez-de Vivero. 2019. Stakeholder Participation Assessment Framework (SPAF): A theory-based strategy to plan and evaluate marine spatial planning participatory processes. Marine Policy 108: 103619.
Rap, E., and P. Wester. 2017. Governing the water user: Experiences from Mexico. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 19 (3): 293–307.
Ritchie, H., and G. Ellis. 2010. ‘A system that works for the sea’? Exploring stakeholder engagement in marine spatial planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 53 (6): 701–723.
Robertson, M. 2012. Measurement and alienation: Making a world of ecosystem services. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 37 (3): 386–401.
Rose, N.S., and P. Miller. 1992. Political power beyond the state: Problematics of government. The British Journal of Sociology 43 (2): 173–205.
Rutherford, S. 2007. Green governmentality: Insights and opportunities in the study of nature’s rule. Progress in Human Geography 31 (3): 291–307.
Sander, G. 2018. Ecosystem-based management in Canada and Norway: The importance of political leadership and effective decision-making for implementation. Ocean and Coastal Management 163: 485–497.
Satizábal, P., W.H. Dressler, M. Fabinyi, and M.D. Pido. 2020. Blue economy discourses and practices: Reconfiguring ocean spaces in the Philippines. Maritime Studies 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40152-020-00168-0.
Saunders, F.P., M. Gilek, and R. Tafon. 2019. Adding people to the sea: Conceptualizing social sustainability in maritime spatial planning. In Maritime Spatial Planning, ed. J. Zaucha and K. Gee, 175–200. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schutter, M.S., and C.C. Hicks. 2019. Networking the Blue Economy in Seychelles: Pioneers, resistance, and the power of influence. Journal of Political Ecology 26 (1): 425–447.
Smith, L.G. 1982. Mechanisms for public participation at a normative planning level in Canada. Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques 8: 561–572.
Smith, G. 2018. Good governance and the role of the public in Scotland’s marine spatial planning system. Marine Policy 94: 1–9.
Smith, G., and R.E. Brennan. 2012. Losing our way with mapping: Thinking critically about marine spatial planning in Scotland. Ocean and Coastal Management 69: 210–216.
Smith, G., and S. Jentoft. 2017. Marine spatial planning in Scotland. Levelling the playing field? Marine Policy 84: 33–41.
St. Martin, K., and M. Hall-Arber. 2008. The missing layer: Geo-technologies, communities, and implications for marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 32 (5): 779–786.
St. Martin, K., and J. Olson. 2017. Creating space for community in marine conservation and management: Mapping ‘communities at sea’. In Conservation in the Anthropocene Ocean, ed. P. Levin and M. Poe, 123–141. Elsevier.
Stafford, R., and P.J. Jones. 2019. Viewpoint–Ocean plastic pollution: A convenient but distracting truth? Marine Policy 103: 187–191.
Stefansson, G., A.E. Punt, J. Ruiz, I. van Putten, S. Agnarsson, and A.K. Daníelsdóttir. 2019. Implementing the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. Fisheries Research 216: 174–176.
Stephan, B., C. Methmann, and D. Rothe. 2013. Third side of the coin: Hegemony and governmentality in global climate politics, 59–76. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tafon, R.V. 2018. Taking power to sea: Towards a post-structuralist discourse theoretical critique of marine spatial planning. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36 (2): 258–273.
Tafon, R.V. 2019. Small-scale fishers as allies or opponents? Unlocking looming tensions and potential exclusions in Poland's marine spatial planning. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning: 1–12.
Tafon, R., Howarth, D., & Griggs, S. (2018). The politics of Estonia’s offshore wind energy programme: Discourse, power and marine spatial planning. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 2399654418778037.
Taylor, D. 2011. Michel Foucault: Key concepts. Durham: Acumen.
Toonen, H.M., and J.P. van Tatenhove. 2013. Marine scaping: The structuring of marine practices. Ocean and Coastal Management 75: 43–52.
Trouillet, B. 2019. Aligning with dominant interests: The role played by geo-technologies in the place given to fisheries in marine spatial planning. Geoforum 107: 54–65.
Trouillet, B., L. Bellanger-Husi, A. El Ghaziri, C. Lamberts, E. Plissonneau, and N. Rollo. 2019. More than maps: Providing an alternative for fisheries and fishers in marine spatial planning. Ocean and Coastal Management 173: 90–103.
Walsh, C. 2018. Metageographies of coastal management: Negotiating spaces of nature and culture at the Wadden Sea. Area 50 (2): 177–185.
Wang, X., C. Hawkins, and E. Berman. 2014. Financing sustainability and stakeholder engagement: Evidence from US cities. Urban Affairs Review 50 (6): 806–834.