Are socioeconomic disparities in tobacco consumption increasing in India? A repeated cross-sectional multilevel analysis

BMJ Open - Tập 2 Số 5 - Trang e001348 - 2012
Nandita Bhan1, Swati Srivastava, Sutapa Agrawal, Malavika A. Subramanyam, Christopher Millett, Sakthivel Selvaraj, S. V. Subramanian
1Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Tóm tắt

ObjectivesIndia bears a significant portion of the global tobacco burden with high prevalence of tobacco use. This study examines the socioeconomic patterning of tobacco use and identifies the changing gender and socioeconomic dynamics in light of theCigarette Epidemic Model.DesignSecondary analyses of second and third National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data.Setting and participantsData were analysed from 201 219 men and 255 028 women over two survey rounds.Outcomes and methodsOutcomes includedsmoking(cigarettes,bidisand pipes/cigar),chewed tobacco(paan masala,gutkhaand others) anddual use, examined by education, wealth, living environment and caste. Standardised prevalence and percentage change were estimated. Pooled multilevel models estimated the effect of socioeconomic covariates on the log odds of tobacco use by gender, along with fixed and random parameters.FindingsAmong men (2005−2006), gradients in smoking by education (illiterates: 44% vs postgraduates: 15%) and chewing (illiterates: 47% vs postgraduates: 19%) were observed. Inverse gradients were also observed by wealth, living environment and caste. Chewed tobacco use by women showed inverse socioeconomic status (SES) gradients comparing the illiterates (7.4%) versus postgraduates (0.33%), and poorest (17%) versus richest (2%) quintiles. However, proportional increases in smoking were higher among more educated (postgraduates (98%) vs high schooling only (17%)) and chewing among richer (richest quintile (49%) vs poorest quintile (35%)). Among women, higher educated showed larger declines for smoking—90% (postgraduates) versus 12% (illiterates). Younger men (15–24 years) showed increasing tobacco use (smoking: 123% and chewing: 112%). Older women (35–49 years) show higher prevalence of smoking (3.2%) compared to younger women (0.3%).ConclusionsIndian tobacco use patterns show significant diversions from theCigarette Epidemic Model—from gender and socioeconomic perspectives. Separate analysis by type is needed to further understand social determinants of tobacco use in India.

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BMJ Open

Tập 2 Số 5

e001348

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