Are Purkinje Cell Pauses Drivers of Classically Conditioned Blink Responses?

Hesslow G, Yeo CH. The functional anatomy of skeletal conditioning. In: Moore JW, editor. A neuroscientist’s guide to classical conditioning. New York: Springer; 2002. p. 86–146.

Thompson RF, Steinmetz JE. The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of discrete behavioral responses. Neuroscience. 2009;162:732–55.

McCormick DA, Thompson RF. Cerebellum: essential involvement in the classically conditioned eyelid response. Science. 1984;223(4633):296–9.

Gormezano I, Moore JW. Classical conditioning. In: Marx MH, editor. Learning: processes. New York: Macmillan; 1969.

Kehoe EJ, Macrae M. Fundamental behavioral methods and findings in classical conditioning. In: Moore JW, editor. A neuroscientist’s guide to classical conditioning. New York: Springer; 2002. p. 171–231.

Mauk MD, Buonomano DV. The neural basis of temporal processing. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004;27:307–40.

Gallistel C. The organization of learning. Cambridge: Bradford Books/MIT Press; 1990.

Moyer Jr JR, Deyo RA, Disterhoft JF. Hippocampectomy disrupts trace eye-blink conditioning in rabbits. Behav Neurosci. 1990;104(2):243–52.

Kalmbach BE, Ohyama T, Kreider JC, Riusech F, Mauk MD. Interactions between prefrontal cortex and cerebellum revealed by trace eyelid conditioning. Learn Mem. 2009;16:86–95.

Hesslow G. Inhibition of classically conditioned eyeblink responses by stimulation of the cerebellar cortex in the decerebrate cat. J Physiol Lond. 1994;476(2):245–56.

Norman RJ, Buchwald JS, Villablanca JR. Classical conditioning with auditory discrimination of the eye blink in decerebrate cats. Science. 1977;196(4289):551–3.

Norman RJ, Villablanca JR, Brown KA, Schwafel JA, Buchwald JS. Classical eyeblink conditioning in the bilaterally hemispherectomized cat. Exp Neurol. 1974;44:363–80.

Oakley DA, Russell IS. Neocortical lesions and Pavlovian conditioning. Physiol Behav. 1972;8(5):915–26.

Oakley DA, Russell IS. Subcortical storage of Pavlovian conditioning in the rabbit. Physiol Behav. 1977;18(5):931–7.

Mauk MD, Thompson RF. Retention of classically conditioned eyelid responses following acute decerebration. Brain Res. 1987;403(1):89–95.

Yeo CH, Hardiman MJ. Cerebellar cortex and eyeblink conditioning: a reexamination. Exp Brain Res. 1992;88(3):623–38.

Yeo CH, Hardiman MJ, Glickstein M. Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. II. Lesions of the cerebellar cortex. Exp Brain Res. 1985;60(1):99–113.

Ohyama T, Nores WL, Medina JF, Riusech FA, Mauk MD. Learning-induced plasticity in deep cerebellar nucleus. J Neurosci. 2006;26(49):12656–63.

Mauk MD. Roles of cerebellar cortex and nuclei in motor learning: contradictions or clues? Neuron. 1997;18(3):343–6.

Freeman JH, Steinmetz AB. Neural circuitry and plasticity mechanisms underlying delay eyeblink conditioning. Learn Mem. 2011;18(10):666–77.

Thompson RF. An essential memory trace found. Behav Neurosci. 2013;127(5):669–75.

Attwell PJE, Cooke SF, Yeo CH. Cerebellar function in consolidation of a motor memory. Neuron. 2002;34:1011–20.

Longley M, Yeo CH. Distribution of neural plasticity in cerebellum-dependent motor learning. Prog Brain Res. 2014;210:79–101.

Marr D. A theory of cerebellar cortex. J Physiol Lond. 1969;202(2):437–70.

Albus J. A theory of cerebellar function. Math Biosci. 1971;10:25–61.

Yeo CH, Hardiman MJ, Glickstein M. Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. III. Connections of cerebellar lobule HVI. Exp Brain Res. 1985;60(1):114–26.

Hesslow G, Svensson P, Ivarsson M. Learned movements elicited by direct stimulation of cerebellar mossy fiber afferents. Neuron. 1999;24(1):179–85.

Mauk MD, Steinmetz JE, Thompson RF. Classical conditioning using stimulation of the inferior olive as the unconditioned stimulus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(14):5349–53.

Steinmetz JE, Lavond DG, Thompson RF. Classical conditioning in rabbits using pontine nucleus stimulation as a conditioned stimulus and inferior olive stimulation as an unconditioned stimulus. Synapse. 1989;3(3):225–33.

Delgado-Garcia JM, Gruart A. Building new motor responses: eyelid conditioning revisited. Trends Neurosci. 2006;29:330–8.

Oscarsson O. Functional organisation of olivary projection to the cerebellar anterior lobe. In: Courville J, de Montigny C, Lamarre Y, editors. The inferior olivary nucleus: anatomy and physiology. New York: Raven; 1980. p. 279–89.

Apps R, Garwicz M. Anatomical and physiological foundations of cerebellar information processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6:297–311.

Voogd J, Shinoda Y, Ruigrok TJH, Sugihara I. Cerebellar nuclei and the inferior olivary nuclei: organization and connections. In: Manto M et al., editors. Handbook of the cerebellum and cerebellar disorders. Dordrecht: Springer; 2013. p. 377–436.

Morcuende S, Delgado-Garcia JM, Ugolini G. Neuronal premotor networks involved in eyelid responses: retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the orbicularis oculi muscle in the rat. J Neurosci. 2002;22:8808–18.

Yeo CH, Hardiman MJ, Glickstein M. Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. I. Lesions of the cerebellar nuclei. Exp Brain Res. 1985;60(1):87–98.

Yeo CH, Hardiman MJ, Glickstein M. Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. IV. Lesions of the inferior olive. Exp Brain Res. 1986;63(1):81–92.

Gonzalez-Joekes J, Schreurs BG. Anatomical characterization of a rabbit cerebellar eyeblink premotor pathway using pseudorabies and identification of a local modulatory network in anterior interpositus. J Neurosci. 2012;32:12472–87.

Hesslow G. Correspondence between climbing fibre input and motor output in eyeblink-related areas in cat cerebellar cortex. J Physiol Lond. 1994;476(2):229–44.

Heiney SA, Kim J, Augustine GJ, Medina JF. Precise control of movement kinematics by optogenetic inhibition of Purkinje cell activity. J Neurosci. 2014;34(6):2321–30.

Berthier NE, Moore JW. Cerebellar Purkinje cell activity related to the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response. Exp Brain Res. 1986;63(2):341–50.

Tracy JA, Steinmetz JE. Purkinje cell responses to pontine stimulation CS during rabbit eyeblink conditioning. Physiol Behav. 1998;65(2):381–6.

Green JT, Steinmetz JE. Purkinje cell activity in the cerebellar anterior lobe after rabbit eyeblink conditioning. Learn Mem. 2005;12(3):260–9.

Gould TJ, Steinmetz JE. Changes in rabbit cerebellar cortical and interpositus nucleus activity during acquisition, extinction, and backward classical eyelid conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 1996;65(1):17–34.

Halverson HE, Khilkevich A, Mauk MD. Relating cerebellar purkinje cell activity to the timing and amplitude of conditioned eyelid responses. J Neurosci. 2015;35(20):7813–32.

Hesslow G. Classical conditioning of eyeblink in decerebrate cats and ferrets. In: Ferrell WR, Proske U, editors. Neural control of movement. New York: Plenum Press; 1995. p. 117–22.

Kotani S, Kawahara S, Kirino Y. Purkinje cell activity during classical eyeblink conditioning in decerebrate guinea pigs. Brain Res. 2006;1068(1):70–81.

Kotani S, Kawahara S, Kirino Y. Purkinje cell activity during learning a new timing in classical eyeblink conditioning. Brain Res. 2003;994(2):193–202.

Hesslow G, Ivarsson M. Suppression of cerebellar Purkinje cells during conditioned responses in ferrets. Neuroreport. 1994;5(5):649–52.

Jirenhed DA, Bengtsson F, Hesslow G. Acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of a cerebellar cortical memory trace. J Neurosci. 2007;27(10):2493–502.

Jirenhed DA, Hesslow G. Learning stimulus intervals—adaptive timing of conditioned purkinje cell responses. Cerebellum. 2011;10:523–35.

Jirenhed DA, Hesslow G. Time course of classically conditioned purkinje cell response is determined by initial part of conditioned stimulus. J Neurosci. 2011;31:9070–4.

Johansson F, Jirenhed DA, Rasmussen A, Zucca R, Hesslow G. Memory trace and timing mechanism localized to cerebellar Purkinje cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111:14930–4.

Rasmussen A, Jirenhed DA, Hesslow G. Simple and complex spike firing patterns in purkinje cells during classical conditioning. Cerebelllum. 2008;7:563–6.

Rasmussen A, Jirenhed DA, Zucca R, Johansson F, Svensson P, Hesslow G. Number of spikes in climbing fibers determines the direction of cerebellar learning. J Neurosci. 2013;33(33):13436–40.

Rasmussen A, Jirenhed DA, Wetmore DZ, Hesslow G. Changes in complex spike activity during classical conditioning. Front Neural Circuits. 2014;8:90.

Svensson P, Jirenhed DA, Bengtsson F, Hesslow G. Effect of conditioned stimulus parameters on timing of conditioned purkinje cell responses. J Neurophysiol. 2010;103:1329–36.

Wetmore DZ, Jirenhed DA, Rasmussen A, Johansson F, Schnitzer MJ, Hesslow G. Bidirectional plasticity of Purkinje cells matches temporal features of learning. J Neurosci. 2014;34(5):1731–7.

Mostofi A, Holtzman T, Grout AS, Yeo CH, Edgley SA. Electrophysiological localization of eyeblink-related microzones in rabbit cerebellar cortex. J Neurosci. 2010;30:8920–34.

Svensson P, Ivarsson M. Short-lasting conditioned stimulus applied to the middle cerebellar peduncle elicits delayed conditioned eye blink responses in the decerebrate ferret. Eur J Neurosci. 1999;11(12):4333–40.

Svensson P, Ivarsson M, Hesslow G. Effect of varying the intensity and train frequency of forelimb and cerebellar mossy fiber conditioned stimuli on the latency of conditioned eye-blink responses in decerebrate ferrets. Learn Mem. 1997;4(1):105–15.

Schneiderman N, Gormezano I. Conditioning of the nictitating membrane of the rabbit as a function of the CS-US interval. J Comp Physiol Psych. 1964;57:188–95.

Salafia WR, Lambert RW, Host KC, Chiaia NL, Ramirez JJ. Rabbit nictitating membrane conditioning: lower limit of the effective interstimulus interval. Anim Learn Behav. 1980;8:85–91.

Hesslow G, Jirenhed DA, Rasmussen A, Johansson F. Classical conditioning of motor responses: what is the learning mechanism? Neural Netw. 2013;47:81–7.

Ivarsson M, Svensson P, Hesslow G. Bilateral disruption of conditioned responses after unilateral blockade of cerebellar output in the decerebrate ferret. J Physiol Lond. 1997;502(Pt 1):189–201.

Ivarsson M, Svensson P. Conditioned eyeblink response consists of two distinct components. J Neurophysiol. 2000;83(2):796–807.

McCormick DA, Thompson RF. Neuronal responses of the rabbit cerebellum during acquisition and performance of a classically conditioned nictitating membrane-eyelid response. J Neurosci. 1984;4(11):2811–22.

Berthier NE, Moore JW. Activity of deep cerebellar nuclear cells during classical conditioning of nictitating membrane extension in rabbits. Exp Brain Res. 1990;83(1):44–54.

Choi JS, Moore JW. Cerebellar neuronal activity expresses the complex topography of conditioned eyeblink responses. Behav Neurosci. 2003;117(6):1211–9.

Johansson F, Hesslow G. Theoretical considerations for understanding a Purkinje cell timing mechanism. Commun Integr Biol. 2014;7:6. e994376.

Porrill J, Dean P. Recurrent cerebellar loops simplify adaptive control of redundant and nonlinear motor systems. Neural Comput. 2007;19(1):170–93.

Larsell O, Jansen J. The comparative anatomy and histology of the cerebellum from Monotremes through Apes. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1970.