Aqueous date fruit extract protects against lipid peroxidation and improves antioxidant status in the liver of rats subchronically exposed to trichloroacetic acid
Tóm tắt
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a prominent by-product of the chlorination of drinking water. It induces cell damage by producing free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential hepatoprotective role of the aqueous date extract (ADE) against TCA-induced liver injury. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight: group I served as the control; group II was given ADE by gavage; groups III and IV received TCA as drinking water at 0.5 and 2 g/L, respectively; and groups V and VI were treated with ADE by gavage and then received TCA at 0.5 and 2 g/L, respectively, as drinking water. The experiment was performed for 2 months. The hepatotoxicity of TCA administration was revealed by an increase in the levels of hepatic marker enzymes (transaminases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and conjugated bilirubin and a decrease in albumin level. The TCA administration induced also significant elevation of the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) paralleled with a significant decline in catalase (CAT) activity. These biochemical alterations were accompanied by histological changes marked by the appearance of vacuolization, necrosis, congestion, inflammation, and enlargement of sinusoids in the liver section. Treatment with date palm fruit extract restored the liver damage induced by TCA, as demonstrated by inhibition of hepatic lipid peroxidation; amelioration of SOD, GPx, and CAT activities; and improvement of histopathology changes. These results suggest that ADE has a protective effect over TCA-induced oxidative damage in rat liver.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abdel-Hamid NM, Fawzy MA, El-Moselhy MA (2011) Evaluation of hepatoprotective and anticancer properties of aqueous olive leaf extract in chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Am J Med Med Sci 1:15–22
Acharya S, Mehta K, Rodriguez S (1995) Administration of subtoxic doses of t-butyl alcohol and trichloroacetic acid to male Wistar rats to study the interactive toxicity. Toxicol Lett 80:97–104
Acharya S, Mehta K, Rodriguez S, Pereira J, Krishnan S, Rao CV (1997) A histopathological study of liver and kidney in male Wistar rats treated with subtoxic doses of t-butyl alcohol and trichloroacetic acid. ExpToxicol Pathol 49:369–373
ACGIH (1991) Documentation of the threshold limits values and biological exposure indices, 6th edn. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist, Cincinnati
Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Meth Enzymol 105:121–126
Ahmed MB, Hasona NAS, Selemain HAH (2008) Protective effects of extract from dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and ascorbic acid on thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Iran J Pharm Res 7:193–201
AL-Farsi M, Alasalva C, Morris A, Baron M, Shahidi F (2005) Comparison of antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenolics of three native fresh and sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties growth in Oman. J Agric Food Chem 53:7592–7599
Al-Qarawi AA, Mousa HM, Hamed Ali BE, Abdel-Rahman H, El-Mougy SA (2003) Protective effect of extracts from dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on carbon tetrachloride–induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J Appl Res Vet M 2:176–180
Austin EW, Parrish JM, Kinder DH, Bull RJ (1996) Lipid peroxidation and formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine from acute doses of halogenated acetic acids. Fundam Appl Toxicol 31:77–82
Bansal AK, Bansal M, Soni G, Bhatnagar D (2005) N-Nitrosodiethylamine induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Chem Biol Interact 156:101–111
Beyer WE, Fridovich I (1987) Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: some large consequences of minor changes in conditions. Anal Biochem 161:559–566
Bhat HK, Ahmed AE, Ansari GAS (1991) Toxicokinetics of monochloracetic acid: a whole-body autoradiography study. Toxicol 63:35–43
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantization of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein–dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier M, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Sci Technol-Leb 28:25–30
Buege AJ, Aust ST (1978) Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Meth Enzymol 52:302–310
Celik I (2007) Determination of toxicity of trichloroacetic acid in rats: 50 days drinking water study. Pestic Biochem Phys 89:39–45
Celik I, Isik I (2008) Determination of chemopreventive role of Foeniculum vulgare and Salvia officinalis infusion on trichloroacetic acid-induced increased serum marker enzymes lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense systems in rats. Nat Prod Res 22:66–75
Celik I, Isik I, Kaya MS (2010) Evaluation of neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects of trichloroacetic acid on rats. Toxicol Ind Health 26:725–731
Celik I, Tuluce Y (2007) Elevation protective role of Camellia sinensis and Urtica dioica infusion against trichloroacetic acid-exposed in rats. Phytother Res 21:1039–1044
Celik I, Temur A, Isik I (2009) Hepatoprotective role and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) flowers infusion against trichloroacetic acid-exposed in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 47:145–149
Daniel FB, DeAngelo AB, Stober JA, Olson GR, Page NP (1992) Hepatocarcinogenicity of chloral hydrate, 2-chloroacetaldehyde, and dichloroacetic acid in the male B6C3F1 mouse. Fund Appl Toxicol 19:159–168
Davis ME (1990) Subacute toxicity of trichloroacetic acid in male and female rats. Toxicol 63:63–72
DeAngelo AB, Daniel FB, McMillan L, Wernsing P, Savage RE Jr (1989) Species and strain sensitivity to the induction of peroxisome proliferation by chloroacetic acids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 101:285–289
Eid NMS, Al-Awadi B, Vauzour D, Oruna-Concha MJ, Spencer JPE (2013) Effect of cultivar type and ripening on the polyphenol content of date palm fruit. J Agric Food Chem 61:2453–2460
EL Arem A, Saafi EB, Mechri B, Lahouar L, Issaoui M, Hammami M, Achour L (2012) Effects of the ripening stage on phenolic profile, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of date palm fruit. J Agric Food Chem 60:10896–10902
El-Demerdash FM (2004) Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and selenium on lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters in rats exposed to aluminium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 18:113–121
Flohe L, Gunzler WA (1984) Assays of glutathione peroxidase. Meth Enzymol 105:114–121
Fouada AA, Al-Mulhim AS, Jresat I (2013) Therapeutic effect of coenzyme Q10 against experimentally-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Environ Toxicol Phar 35:100–108
Hassoun EA, Ray S (2003) The induction of oxidative stress and cellular death by the drinking water disinfection by-products, dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate in J774.A1 cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C 135:119–128
Hong YJ, Tomas-Barberan FA, Kader AA, Mitchell AE (2006) The flavonoid glycosides and procyanidin composition of Deglet Noor dates (Phoenix dactylifera). J Agric Food Chem 54:2405–2411
Julkunen-Titto R (1985) Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern willows: methods for the analysis of certain phenolics. J Agric Food Chem 33:213–217
Karasawa K, Uzuhashi Y, Hirota M, Otani H (2011) A matured fruit extract of date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) stimulates the cellular immune system in mice. J Agric Food Chem 59:11287–11293
Larson JL, Bull RJ (1992) Metabolism and lipoperoxidative activity of trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate in rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 115:268–277
Liu RH (2003) Health benefits of fruits and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combination of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr 78:517S–520S
Lumpkin MH, Bruckner JV, Dallas CE, White CA, Fisher JW (2003) Plasma binding of trichloroacetic acid in mice, rats, and humans under cancer bioassay and environmental exposure conditions. Drug Metab Dispos 31:1203–1207
Macmillan-Crow LA, Cruthirds DL (2001) Manganese superoxide dismutase in disease. Free Radic Res 34:325–336
Mather GG, Exon JH, Koller LD (1990) Subchronic 90-day toxicity of dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acid in rats. Toxicol 64:71–80
Morakinyo AO, Iranloye BO, Oyelowo OT, Nnaji J (2012) Anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effect of beta-carotene on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Biol Med 4:134–140
Negri G, Teixeira EW, Alves MLTMF, Moreti ACCC, Otsuk IP, Borguini RG, Salatino A (2011) Hydroxycinnamic acid amide derivatives, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of extracts of pollen samples from Southeast Brazil. J Agric Food Chem 59:5516–5522
Panuganti SD, Khan FD, Svensson CK (2006) Enhanced xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity and kupffer cell activation by restraint-induced stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318:26–34
Parrish JM, Austin EW, Stevens DK, Kinder DH, Bull RJ (1996) Haloacetate-induced oxidative damage to DNA in the liver of male B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol 110:103–111
Prasad AS, Bao B, Beck FWJ, Kuck O, Sarkar FH (2004) Antioxidant effect of zinc in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 37:1182–1190
Puri HS (2003) Rasayana: ayurvedic herbs for longevity and rejuvenation. Taylor & Francis, London
Ragab AR, Elkablawy MA, Sheik BY, Baraka HN (2013) Antioxidant and tissue-protective studies on Ajwa extract: dates from Al Madinah Al-Monwarah, Saudi Arabia. J Environ Anal Toxicol 3:1. doi:10.4172/2161-0525.1000163
Rajesh MG, Latha MS (2004) Preliminary evaluations of the antihepatotoxic effect of Kamilari, a polyherbal formulation. J Ethnopharmacol 91:99–104
Roy SD, Das S, Di S, Dutta KN (2012) Herbal hepatoprotective agents. World J Pharm Res 1:87–99
Saafi EB, Louedi M, AF E f, Zakhama AF, Najjard MF, Hammami M, Achour L (2011) Protective effect of date palm fruit extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on dimethoate induced-oxidative stress in rat liver. ExpToxicol Pathol 63:433–441
Sandhar HK, Kumar B, Prasher S, Tiwari P, Salhan M, Sharma P (2011) A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology of flavonoids. Int Pharm Sci 1:25–41
Selvam ABD (2008) Inventory of vegetable crude drug samples housed in botanical survey of India, Howrah. Pharmacogn Rev 2:61–94
Scalbert A, Manach C, Morand C, Remesy C (2005) Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 45:287–306
Vayalil PK (2002) Antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of aqueous extract of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae). J Agric Food Chem 50:610–617
Vayalil PK (2012) Date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera Linn): an emerging medicinal food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 52:249–271
Vinson JA, Zubik L, Bose P, Samman N, Proch J (2005) Dried fruits: excellent in vitro and in vivo antioxidants. J Am Coll Nutr 24:44–50
Wang X, Zhai W (1988) Cellular and biochemical in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of rats exposed to fenvalerate. Zhongguo Yaolixue YuDulixue Zoghi 2:271–276
Weyers A, Ugnia LI, Ovando HG, Gorla NB (2008) Antioxidant capacity of vitamin C in mouse liver and kidney tissues. Biocell 32:27–31
Zhang A, Sun H, Wang X (2013) Recent advances in natural products from plants for treatment of liver diseases. Eur J Med Chem 63:570–577
Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W (1999) The determination of flavonoïds contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 64:555–559
