Aquatic ecotoxicology
Tóm tắt
Information about the toxicity of heavy metals and organics to aquatic organisms can be obtained from bioassays. These are classified according to the type of response obtained: quantal or continuous, and according to whether individual organisms originate from a single clone or have a tolerance distribution. Basic features of the probit, logit, and Weibull dose-response models for one toxic substance are considered. It is shown that a version of the logit model is complementary to the Monod equation for the growth rate of microorganisms under substrate limitation. Multiple toxicity models can be of the non-interactive or competitive type. The standard water quality criterion for concentration addition is based on the assumption that the toxicants act on similar biological systems, and that the action tolerances for individuals are fully correlated. Pertinent examples of the application of the models for one or several toxic substances are discussed.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Steeman Nielsen, E., and Wium-Andersen, S.: Copper ions as poison in the sea and freshwater. Marine Biol.6, 93–97 (1970).
Morel, F.M.M., and Morel-Laurens, N.M.L.: Trace metals and plankton in the oceans: facts and speculations. In: Wong, Boyle, Bruland, Burton, and Goldberg (eds.): Trace Metals in Sea Water. Plenum Publishing Corporation (1983).
Bowen, H.J.M.: Trace Elements in Biochemistry. Academic Press, Inc., London 1966.
Wong, P.T.S., Chau, Y.K., Kramar, O., and Bengert, G.A.: Structure-toxicity relationship of tin compounds on algae. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.39, 3, 483–488 (1982).
Finney, D.J.: Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, London 1971.
Christensen, E.R.: Dose-response functions in aquatic toxicity testing and the Weibull model. Water Res.18, 2, 213–221 (1984).
Monod, J.: La technique de culture continue, théorie et applications. Annls Inst. Pasteur79, 390–410 (1959).
Carlborg, F.W.: Dose-response functions in carcinogenesis and the Weibull model. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol.19, 255–263 (1981).
Hewlett, P.S., and Plackett, R.L.: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Quantal Responses in Biology. Edward Arnold, London 1979.
Christensen, E.R., Chen, C.-Y., Kroeger, S.R., Shih, T.-H., Pathak, Y., and Blum, J.L.: Algal growth under multiple toxicant limiting conditions. Progress Report No. 2 to the National Science Foundation, Department of Civil Engineering and Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (1983).
Calamari, D., Marchetti, R., and Vailati, G.: Influence of water hardness on cadmium toxicity toSalmo gairdneri Rich. Water Res.14, 1421–1426 (1980).
Christensen, E.R., and Nyholm, N.: Ecotoxicological assays with algae: Weibull dose-response curves. Environ. Sci. Technol. In press (1984).
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Water Quality Criteria for European Freshwater Fish Report on Combined Effects on Freshwater Fish and Other Aquatic Life of Mixtures of Toxicants in Water. EIFAC Technical Paper No. 37, Rome 1980.
Anderson, P.D., and Weber, L.J.: The toxicity to aquatic populations of mixtures containing certain heavy metals. In: Proc. International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Vol. 2, Toronto, Ontario, p. 933–954 (1975).
Gächter, R.: Untersuchung über die Beeinflussung der planktischen Photosynthese durch anorganische Metallsalze im eutrophen Alpnachersee und der mesotrophen Horwer Bucht. Schweiz. Z. Hydrol.38, 2, 97–119 (1976).