Applying the PECSL: using case studies to demonstrate the Pedagogy of Experience Complexity for Smart Learning

Åkerlind, G., Bowden, J., & Green, P. (2005). Learning to do phenomenography: A reflective discussion. In J. Bowden, & P. Green (Eds.), Doing developmental phenomenography, (pp. 74–100). RMIT University Press.

Blaschke, L. M., & Hase, S. (2016). Heutagogy: A holistic framework for creating twenty-first-century self-determined learners. In B. Gros, & Kinshuk & Marcelo, M. (Eds.), The future of ubiquitous learning, (pp. 25–40). Lecture Notes in Educational Technology). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47724-3_2.

Booth, S. (1992). Learning to program: A phenomenographic perspective. In Goteborg studies in educational sciences, (vol. 89). Acta Univesitatis Gothoburgenis.

Breunig, M. (2017). Experientially learning and teaching in a student-directed classroom. Journal of Experiential Education, 40(3), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825917690870.

Bruce, C., Pham, B., & Stoodley, I. (2004). Constituting the significance and value of research: Views from information technology academics and industry professionals. Studies in Higher Education, 29(2), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/0307507042000190804.

Buell, L. (2005). Space, place, and imagination from local to global. In L. Buell (Ed.), The future of environmental criticism: Environmental crisis and literary imagination, (pp. 62–96). Blackwell.

Carretero, S., Vuorikari, R., & Punie, Y. (2017). DigComp 2.1: The digital competence framework for citizens with eight proficiency levels and examples of use. European Commission. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/38842.

Carroll, J. M., Shih, P. C., Kropczynski, J., Cai, G., Rosson, M. B., & Han, K. (2017). The internet of places at community-scale: Design scenarios for hyperlocal neighborhood. In S. Konomi, & G. Roussos (Eds.), Enriching urban spaces with ambient computing, the internet of things, and Smart City design, (pp. 1–24). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0827-4.ch001.

Chiang, T., Yang, S., & Hwang, G. (2014). Students’ online interactive patterns in augmented reality-based inquiry activities. Computers & Education, 78, 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.05.006.

Collier-Reed, B. I., Ingerman, A., & Berglund, A. (2009). Reflections on trustworthiness in phenomenographic research: Recognising purpose, context and change in the process of research. Education as Change, 13(2), 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/16823200903234901.

Cope, C. (2004). Ensuring validity and reliability in Phenomenographic research using the analytical framework of a structure of awareness. Qualitative Research Journal, 4(2), 5–18 http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=133094720910488;res=IELHSS.

Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches, (3rd ed., ). Sage Publications.

Dron, J. (2018). Smart learning environments, and not so smart learning environments: A systems view. Smart Learning Environments, 5, 25. Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-018-0075-9.

Garrett, J. J. (2010). The elements of user experience: User-centered dsign for the web and beyond, (2nd ed., ). New Riders Press https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.5555/1965524.

Gibbons, S. (2016, July 31). Design thinking 101. Nielsen Norman Group. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/

Goodyear, P., & Carvalho, L. (2012). The analysis of complex learning. In H. Beetham, & R. Sharpe (Eds.), Rethinking pedagogy for a digital age: Designing for 21st century learning, (2nd ed., pp. 49–63). Routledge.

Green, B. (2019). The smart enough city, putting technology in its place to reclaim our urban future. Strong ideas. MIT Press. Available from https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/smart-enough-city. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11555.001.0001.

Greeno, J. G., & Engeström, Y. (2014). Learning in activity. In R. K. Sawyer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences, (2nd ed., pp. 128–147). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139519526.009.

Gurwitsch, A. (2010). In R. Zaner (Ed.), The collected works of Aron Gurwitsch (1901-1973). Volume III, the field of consciousness: Theme, thematic field, and margin. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2942-3.

Huang, R. H., Liu, D. J., Zhu, L. X., Chen, H. Y., Yang, J. F., Tlili, A., … Wang, S. F. (2020). Personal data and privacy protection in online learning: Guidance for students, teachers and parents. Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University.

Ireland, J., Tambyah, M. M., Neofa, Z., & Harding, T. (2009). The tale of four researchers: Trials and triumphs from the phenomenographic research specialization. In P. Jeffery (Ed.), Proceedings of the Australian Association for Research in education (AARE) 2008 international research conference. Changing climates: Education for sustainable futures, (pp. 1–15). The Australian Association for Research in Education https://eprints.qut.edu.au/20457/.

Jayanandhan, S. R. (2009). John Dewey and a pedagogy of place. Philosophical Studies in Education, 40, 104–112 Ohio Valley Philosophy of Education Society. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ864314.pdf.

Kaapu, T., & Tiainen, T. (2010). User experience: Consumer understandings of virtual product prototypes. In K. Kautz, P. Nielsen, & A. (Eds.), Scandinavian information systems research. First Scandinavian conference on information systems, SCIS 2010, proceedings, (pp. 18–33). Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14874-3_2.

Kazil, P., & Hoe je Bek, W. (2010, Apr 09). A Walk in the Invisible City: World In A Shell Urban Adventure. V2_. https://v2.nl/events/world-in-a-shell-urban-adventure

Koehler, A. (2013). Digitizing craft: Creative writing studies and new media: A proposal. College English, 75(4), 379–397.

Lin, T. C. Y. W., Galloway, D., & Lee, W. O. (2011). The effectiveness of action learning in the teaching of citizenship education: A Hong Kong case study. In K. J. Kennedy, W. O. Lee, & D. L. Grossman (Eds.), Citizenship pedagogies in Asia and the Pacific, CERC studies in comparative education, (pp. 53–80). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0744-3_4.

Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications.

Lister, P. (2020). Smart learning in the community: Supporting citizen digital skills and literacies. In N. Streitz, & S. Konomi (Eds.), Distributed, ambient and pervasive interactions. HCII 2020. Lecture notes in computer science, (pp. 533–547). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50344-4_38.

Lister, P. (2021a). Understanding experience complexity in a smart learning journey. SN Social Sciences, 1(1), 42. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-020-00055-9.

Lister, P. (2021b). Experiencing the smart learning journey: A pedagogical inquiry. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Malta.] University of Malta.

Lister, P. (2021c). What are we supposed to be learning? Motivation and autonomy in smart learning environments. In N. Streitz, & S. Konomi (Eds.), Distributed, ambient and pervasive interactions. HCII 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12782, (pp. 235–249). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77015-0_17.

Lister, P. (2021d). The pedagogy of experience complexity for smart learning: Considerations for designing urban digital citizen learning activities. Smart Learning Environments, 8, 8. Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00154-x.

Lister, P. (2022). Future-present learning and teaching: A case study in smart learning. In E. Sengupta, & P. Blessinger (Eds.), Changing the conventional classroom, innovations in higher education teaching and learning (IHETL). Emerald Publishing. In press.

Maina, M. F., & González, I. G. (2016). Articulating personal pedagogies through learning ecologies. In B. Gros, & Kinshuk, & Maina, M. (Eds.), The future of ubiquitous learning. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology, (pp. 73–94). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47724-3_5.

Marcinkowski, M. (2016). Ambient literature and the beginning of a ubiquitous everything. The End of theBook. University of Bristol Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312219720_Ambient_literature_and_the_beginning_of_a_ubiquitous_everything.

Martin, J., Dikkers, S., Squire, K., & Gagnon, D. (2014). Participatory scaling through augmented reality learning through local games. TechTrends, 58(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-013-0718-1.

Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography - describing conceptions of the world around us. Instructional Science, 10(2), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00132516.

Marton, F. (1996). Cognoso ergo sum – Reflections on reflections. In G. Dall'Alba, & B. Hasselgren (Eds.), Reflections on phenomenography: Toward a methodology? (pp. 163–187). Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.

Marton, F., & Booth, S. (1997). Learning and awareness. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Marton, F., & Pong, W. P. (2005). On the unit of description in phenomenography. Higher Education Research & Development, 24(4), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360500284706.

Mertens, D. M., & McLaughlin, J. A. (2004). Research and evaluation methods in special education. Corwin Press. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985666.

Pinder, D. (2005). Arts of urban exploration. Cultural Geographies, 12(4), 383–411. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44251055. https://doi.org/10.1191/1474474005eu347oa.

Reed, B. (2006). Phenomenography as a way to research the understanding by students of technical concepts. In Núcleo de Pesquisa em Tecnologia da Arquitetura e Urbanismo (NUTAU): Technological innovation and sustainability, (pp. 1–11).

Rogers, J. (2015, May 1). Psychogeographical intervention in the General Election. The Lost Byway. http://thelostbyway.com/2015/05/psychogeographical-intervention-in-the-general-election.html

Saffer, D. (2010). Designing for interaction. In Creating innovative applications and devices, (2nd ed., ). New Riders.

Sandberg, J. (1997). Are phenomenographic results reliable? Higher Education Research & Development, 16(2), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/0729436970160207.

Sin, S. (2010). Considerations of quality in Phenomenographic research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 9(4), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691000900401.

Sjöström, B., & Dahlgren, L. O. (2002). Applying phenomenography in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40(3), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02375.x.

Souleles, N., Savva, S., Watters, H., Annesley, A., & Bull, B. (2014). A phenomenographic investigation on the use of iPads among undergraduate art and design students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(1), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.1213.

Spencer, A. (2017, Aug 10). What in the world is ambient literature? The Writing Platform. http://thewritingplatform.com/2017/08/world-ambient-literature/

Traxler, J. (2015). Context reconsidered. In J. Traxler, & A. Kukulska-Hulme (Eds.), Mobile learning: The next generation, (pp. 190–207). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203076095.

Trigwell, K. (2000). A phenomenographic interview on phenomenography. In J. A. Bowden, & E. Walsh (Eds.), Phenomenography, (pp. 62–82). RMIT University Press.

Van Kerkhoven, M., & Bakker, P. (2014). The hyperlocal in practice. Digital Journalism, 2(3), 296–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.900236.

Vosloo, S. (2018). Guidelines: Designing inclusive digital solutions and developing digital skills. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265537.

Zoltowski, C. B., Oakes, W. C., & Cardella, M. E. (2012). Students’ ways of experiencing human-centered design. Journal of Engineering Education, 101(1), 28–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.2012.tb00040.x.