Antimicrobial resistance: a global view from the 2013 World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum

D'Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Sung WW, Schwarz C: Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature. 2011, 477 (7365): 457-461. 10.1038/nature10388.

Fleming A: Penicillin. Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945. 1945, Available from: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-lecture.pdf

Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Savelkoul PH, Wolffs PF: The human microbiome as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance. Front Microbiol. 2013, 4: 87-

USFDA: Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals. 2009, Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM231851.pdf

Laxminarayan R: Personal communication. 2013

Patel G, Bonomo RA: "Stormy waters ahead": global emergence of carbapenemases. Front Microbiol. 2013, 4: 48-

Barber M, Rozwadowska-Dowzenko M: Infection by penicillin-resistant staphylococci. Lancet. 1948, 2 (6530): 641-644.

Johnson AP, Davies J, Guy R, Abernethy J, Sheridan E, Pearson A: Mandatory surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in England: the first 10 years. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012, 67 (4): 802-809. 10.1093/jac/dkr561.

Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, Petit S, Gershman K, Ray S: Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA. 2007, 298 (15): 1763-1771. 10.1001/jama.298.15.1763.

Gastmeier PSC, Behnke M, Geffers C: Dramatic increase of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in Germany with a belt of very high proportions [abstract]. 2013, France: 4th Biennial Healthcare-associated infections Forum Annecy

Tseng SH, Lee CM, Lin TY, Chang SC, Chuang YC, Yen MY: Combating antimicrobial resistance: antimicrobial stewardship program in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2012, 45 (2): 79-89. 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.03.007.

Ziakas PD, Thapa R, Rice LB, Mylonakis E: Trends and significance of VRE colonization in the ICU: a meta-analysis of published studies. PloS one. 2013, 8 (9): e75658-10.1371/journal.pone.0075658.

Brolund A, Edquist PJ, Makitalo B, Olsson-Liljequist B, Soderblom T, Tegmark Wisell K: Epidemiology of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in Sweden 2007–2011. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013, doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12413. [Epub ahead of print]

Colpan A, Johnston B, Porter S, Clabots C, Anway R, Thao L: Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) subclone H30 as an emergent multidrug-resistant pathogen among US veterans. Clin Infect Dis. 2013, 57 (9): 1256-1265. 10.1093/cid/cit503.

Reuland EA, Kostense P: Carriage of ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae in the community and risk factors for carriage [abstract]. 2013, France: 4th Biennial World Healthcare-associated Infections Forum Annecy

Reuland EA, Overdevest IT, Al Naiemi N, Kalpoe JS, Rijnsburger MC, Raadsen SA: High prevalence of ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae carriage in Dutch community patients with gastrointestinal complaints. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013, 19 (6): 542-549. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03947.x.

Patel G, Huprikar S, Factor SH, Jenkins SG, Calfee DP: Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol. 2008, 29 (12): 1099-1106. 10.1086/592412.

Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA: Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011, 11 (5): 355-362. 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70059-7.

Allegranzi B, Bagheri Nejad S, Combescure C, Graafmans W, Attar H, Donaldson L: Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011, 377 (9761): 228-241. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61458-4.

Bagheri Nejad S, Allegranzi B, Syed SB, Ellis B, Pittet D: Health-care-associated infection in Africa: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2011, 89 (10): 757-765. 10.2471/BLT.11.088179.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Update to CDC's Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012, 61 (31): 590-594.

Ohnishi M, Golparian D, Shimuta K, Saika T, Hoshina S, Iwasaku K: Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiating a future era of untreatable gonorrhea?: detailed characterization of the first strain with high-level resistance to ceftriaxone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011, 55 (7): 3538-3545. 10.1128/AAC.00325-11.

Unemo M, Golparian D, Nicholas R, Ohnishi M, Gallay A, Sednaoui P: High-level cefixime- and ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in France: novel penA mosaic allele in a successful international clone causes treatment failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012, 56 (3): 1273-1280. 10.1128/AAC.05760-11.

Smith R, Coast J: The true cost of antimicrobial resistance. BMJ. 2013, 346: f1493-10.1136/bmj.f1493.

Smith R, Coast J: The economic burden of antimicrobial resistance: why it is more serious than current studies suggest [report]. 2012, London: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Macfarlane R, Britten N: Influence of patients' expectations on antibiotic management of acute lower respiratory tract illness in general practice: questionnaire study. BMJ. 1997, 315 (7117): 1211-1214. 10.1136/bmj.315.7117.1211.

Lambert HP: Don't keep taking the tablets?. Lancet. 1999, 354 (9182): 943-945. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01139-3.

Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J: The world health organization guidelines on hand hygiene in health care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol. 2009, 30 (7): 611-622. 10.1086/600379.

Lee AS, Huttner B, Harbarth S: Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Dis Clin North Amer. 2011, 25 (1): 155-179. 10.1016/j.idc.2010.11.002.

van der Bij AK, Pitout JD: The role of international travel in the worldwide spread of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012, 67 (9): 2090-2100. 10.1093/jac/dks214.

Harbarth S, Samore MH: Antimicrobial resistance determinants and future control. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005, 11 (6): 794-801. 10.3201/eid1106.050167.

European Commission press release: IP/05/1687 22/12/2005 2005 Available from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-05-1687_en.htm

Kessler DA: Antibiotics and the meat we eat. New York Times, 27 March 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/opinion/antibiotics-and-the-meat-we-eat.html

Collignon P, Aarestrup FM, Irwin R, McEwen S: Human deaths and third-generation cephalosporin use in poultry. Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013, 19 (8): 1339-1340.

Overdevest I, Willemsen I, Rijnsburger M, Eustace A, Xu L, Hawkey P: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes of Escherichia coli in chicken meat and humans, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011, 17 (7): 1216-1222. 10.3201/eid1707.110209.

Kluytmans JA K, Overdevest IT, Willemsen I, den Bergh MF K-v, van der Zwaluw K, Heck M: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from retail chicken meat and humans: comparison of strains, plasmids, resistance genes, and virulence factors. Clin Infect Dis. 2013, 56 (4): 478-487. 10.1093/cid/cis929.

Cosgrove SE: The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis. 2006, 42 (Suppl 2): S82-S89.

Casey JA, Curriero FC, Cosgrove SE, Nachman KE, Schwartz BS: High-density livestock operations, crop field application of manure, and risk of community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infection in Pennsylvania. JAMA Intern Med. 2013, epub ahead of print

van Loo I, Huijsdens X, Tiemersma E, de Neeling A, van de Sande-Bruinsma N, Beaujean D: Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of animal origin in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007, 13 (12): 1834-1839. 10.3201/eid1312.070384.

Carlet J, Collignon P, Goldmann D, Goossens H, Gyssens IC, Harbarth S: Society's failure to protect a precious resource: antibiotics. Lancet. 2011, 378 (9788): 369-371. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60401-7.

Jarlier V, Carlet J, McGowan J, Goossens H, Voss A, Harbarth S: Priority actions to fight antibiotic resistance: results of an international meeting. Antimicrob Resis Infect Contr. 2012, 1 (1): 17-10.1186/2047-2994-1-17.

Wenzel RP W, Edmond MB: Infection control: the case for horizontal rather than vertical interventional programs. Int J Infect Dis. 2010, 14 (Suppl 4): S3-S5.

Boyce JM: Environmental contamination makes an important contribution to hospital infection. J Hosp Infect. 2007, 65 (Suppl 2): 50-54.

Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, Mourouga P, Sauvan V, Touveneau S: Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Lancet. 2000, 356 (9238): 1307-1312. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02814-2.

Afshari A, Schrenzel J, Ieven M, Harbarth S: Bench-to-bedside review: rapid molecular diagnostics for bloodstream infection - a new frontier?. Crit Care. 2012, 16 (3): 222-10.1186/cc11202.

Kurupati P, Teh BK, Kumarasinghe G, Poh CL: Identification of vaccine candidate antigens of an ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strain by immunoproteome analysis. Proteomics. 2006, 6 (3): 836-844. 10.1002/pmic.200500214.

McConnell MJ, Rumbo C, Bou G, Pachon J: Outer membrane vesicles as an acellular vaccine against Acinetobacter baumannii. Vaccine. 2011, 29 (34): 5705-5710. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.001.

Liu Y, Egilmez NK, Russell MW: Enhancement of adaptive immunity to neisseria gonorrhoeae by local intravaginal administration of microencapsulated interleukin 12. J Infect Dis. 2013, epub ahead of print

Feachem RG, Hogan RC, Merson MH: Diarrhoeal disease control: reviews of potential interventions. Bull World Health Organ. 1983, 61 (4): 637-640.

MacDougall C, Polk RE: Antimicrobial stewardship programs in health care systems. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005, 18 (4): 638-656. 10.1128/CMR.18.4.638-656.2005.

Gerber JS, Prasad PA, Fiks AG, Localio AR, Grundmeier RW, Bell LM: Effect of an outpatient antimicrobial stewardship intervention on broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing by primary care pediatricians: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2013, 309 (22): 2345-2352. 10.1001/jama.2013.6287.

Nathwani D, Sneddon J, Malcolm W, Wiuff C, Patton A, Hurding S: Scottish antimicrobial prescribing group (SAPG): development and impact of the Scottish national antimicrobial stewardship programme. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011, 38 (1): 16-26. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.005.

Talpaert MJ, Gopal Rao G, Cooper BS, Wade P: Impact of guidelines and enhanced antibiotic stewardship on reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic usage and its effect on incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011, 66 (9): 2168-2174. 10.1093/jac/dkr253.

Kaki R, Elligsen M, Walker S, Simor A, Palmay L, Daneman N: Impact of antimicrobial stewardship in critical care: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011, 66 (6): 1223-1230. 10.1093/jac/dkr137.

Furuya EY, Lowy FD: Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the community setting. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006, 4 (1): 36-45. 10.1038/nrmicro1325.

National Health Service UK: 2013, [cited 20 October 2013]; Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Clostridium-difficile/Pages/Introduction.aspx

Sabuncu E, David J, Bernede-Bauduin C, Pepin S, Leroy M, Boelle PY: Significant reduction of antibiotic use in the community after a nationwide campaign in France, 2002–2007. PLoS Med. 2009, 6 (6): e1000084-10.1371/journal.pmed.1000084.

Bavestrello L, Cabello A, Casanova D: Impact of regulatory measures in the trends of community consumption of antibiotics in Chile. Rev Med Chil. 2002, 130 (11): 1265-1272.

Swann M: Report of the joint committee on the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine [report]. 1969, London, United Kingdom: Her Majesty's Stationery Office

Snitkin ES, Zelazny AM, Thomas PJ, Stock F, Henderson DK, Palmore TN: Tracking a hospital outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with whole-genome sequencing. Sci Transl Med. 2012, 4 (148): 148ra16-

Kuhn T: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 1962, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1

Hardin G: The tragedy of the commons. The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. Science. 1968, 162 (3859): 1243-1248.

Gillespie SH: Antibiotic resistance in the absence of selective pressure. I J Antimicrob Agents. 2001, 17 (3): 171-176. 10.1016/S0924-8579(00)00340-X.

Ghafur A, Mathai D, Muruganathan A, Jayalal JA, Kant R, Chaudhary D: The Chennai declaration: a roadmap to tackle the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Indian J Cancer. 2013, 50 (1): 71-73. 10.4103/0019-509X.104065.

Chan M: Antimicrobial Resistance in the European Union and the World [speech]. 2012

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Antimicrobial Resistance Threat Report. 2013,http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/,

Science Ministers of the G8: G8 Science Ministers Statement. 2013, London, UK,https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/g8-science-ministers-statement-london-12-june-2013,