An overview on the processes and technologies for recycling cathodic active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

Etacheri V, Marom R, Elazari R, Salitra G, Aurbach D (2011) Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries: a review. Energy Environ Sci 4:3243–3262

Bruno Scrosati B, Hassoun J, Sun YK (2011) Lithium-ion batteries. A look into the future. Energy Environ Sci 4:3287–3295

Ra DI, Han KS (2006) Used lithium ion rechargeable battery recycling using Etoile-Rebatt technology. J Power Sources 163:284–288

Nan J, Han D, Zuo X (2005) Recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with chemical deposition and solvent extraction. J Power Sources 152:278–284

http://www.meti.go.jp/english/statistics/index.html . Accessed 28 Dec 2011

http://www.chinabattery.org/index.php/archives/14608 . Accessed 1 Oct 2012

Suzuki T, Nakamura T, Inoue Y, Niinae M, Shibata J (2012) A hydrometallurgical process for the separation of aluminum, cobalt, copper and lithium in acidic sulfate media. Sep Purif Technol 98:396–401

Contestabile M, Panero S, Scrosati B (2001) A laboratory-scale lithium-ion battery recycling process. J Power Sources 92:65–69

http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n11294132/n12858447/14536179.html . Accessed 30 Mar 2012

Lee CK, Rhee KI (2003) Reductive leaching of cathodic active materials from lithium ion battery wastes. Hydrometallurgy 68:5–10

Bernardes AM, Espinosa DCR, Tenório JAS (2004) Recycling of batteries: a review of current processes and technologies. J Power Sources 130:291–298

Wu Q, Lu W, Prakash J (2000) Characterization of a commercial size cylindrical Li-ion cell with a reference electrode. J Power Sources 88:237–242

Iwakura C, Fukumoto Y, Inoue H, Ohashi S, Kobayashi S, Tada H, Abe M (1997) Electrochemical characterization of various metal foils as a current collector of positive electrode for rechargeable lithium batteries. J Power Sources 68:301–303

Chen JM, Yao CY, Sheu SP, Chiou YC, Shih HC (1997) The study of carbon half-cell voltage in lithium-ion secondary batteries. J Power Sources 68:242–244

Shin SM, Kim NH, Sohn JS, Yang DH, Kim YH (2005) Development of a metal recovery process from Li-ion battery wastes. Hydrometallurgy 79:172–181

Dorella G, Mansur MB (2007) A study of the separation of cobalt from spent Li-ion battery residues. J Power Sources 170:210–215

Bernardes AM, Espinosa DCR, Tenório JAS (2003) Collection and recycling of portable batteries: a worldwide overview compared to the Brazilian situation. J Power Sources 124:586–592

Espinosa DCR, Bernardes AM, Tenório JAS (2004) An overview on the current processes for the recycling of batteries. J Power Sources 135:311–319

Xu J, Thomas HR, Francis RW, Lum KR, Wang J, Liang B (2008) A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries. J Power Sources 177:512–527

Contestabile M, Panero S, Scrosati B (1999) A laboratory-scale lithium battery recycling process. J Power Sources 83:75–78

Li J, Shi P, Wang Z, Chen Y, Chang CC (2009) A combined recovery process of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries. Chemosphere 77:1132–1136

Li L, Chen R, Sun F, Wu F, Liu J (2011) Preparation of LiCoO2 films from spent lithium-ion batteries by a combined recycling process. Hydrometallurgy 108:220–225

Li L, Lu J, Ren Y, Zhang XX, Chen RJ, Wu F, Amine K (2012) Ascorbic-acid assisted recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries. J Power Sources 218:21–27

Li L, Ge J, Wu F, Chen R, Chen S, Wu B (2010) Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant. J Hazard Mater 176:288–293

Li L, Ge J, Chen R, Wu F, Chen S, Zhang X (2010) Environmental friendly leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries. Waste Manag 30:2615–2621

Chen L, Tang X, Zhang Y, Li L, Zeng Z, Zhang Y (2011) Process for the recovery of cobalt oxalate from spent lithium-ion batteries. Hydrometallurgy 108:80–86

Ferreira DA, Prados LMZ, Majuste D, Mansur MB (2009) Hydrometallurgical separation of aluminium, cobalt, copper and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries. J Power Sources 187:238–246

Nan J, Han D, Yang M, Cui M, Hou X (2006) Recovery of metal values from a mixture of spent lithium-ion batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Hydrometallurgy 84:75–80

Lee CK, Rhee KI (2002) Preparation of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources 109:17–21

Sun L, Qiu K (2012) Organic oxalate as leachant and precipitant for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Waste Manag 32:1575–1582

Sun L, Qiu K (2011) Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. J Hazard Mater 194:378–384

Paulino JF, Busnardo NG, Afonso JC (2008) Recovery of valuable elements from spent Li-batteries. J Hazard Mater 150:843–849

Mishra D, Kim D, Ralph DE, Ahn J, Rhee Y (2008) Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Waste Manag 28:333–338

Zeng G, Deng X, Luo S, Luo X, Zou J (2012) A copper-catalyzed bioleaching process for enhancement of cobalt dissolution from spent lithium-ion batteries. J Hazard Mater 199–200:164–169

Xin B, Zhang D, Zhang X, Xia Y, Wu F, Chen S, Li L (2009) Bioleaching mechanism of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion battery by the mixed culture of acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing and iron-oxidizing bacteria. Bioresource Technol 100:6163–6169

Huang K, Li J, Xu ZM (2009) A novel process for recovering valuable metals from waste nickel-cadmium batteries. Environ Sci Technol 43:8974–8978

Pietrelli L, Bellomo B, Fontana D, Montereali M (2005) Characterization and leaching of NiCd and NiMH spent batteries for the recovery of metals. Waste Manag 25:221–226

Zhang P, Yokoyama T, Itabashi O, Suzuki TM, Inoue K (1998) Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion secondary batteries. Hydrometallurgy 47:259–271

Castillo S, Ansart F, Laberty-Robert C, Portal J (2002) Advances in the recovering of spent lithium battery compounds. J Power Sources 112:247–254

Aktas S, Fray DJ, Burheim O, Fenstad J, Acma E (2006) Recovery of metallic values from spent Li ion secondary batteries. Miner Process Extr M (Trans Inst Min Metall C) 115:95–100

Wang RC, Lin YC, Wu SH (2009) A novel recovery process of metal values from the cathode active materials of the lithium-ion secondary batteries. Hydrometallurgy 99:194–201

Li J, Li X, Hu Q, Wang Z, Zheng J, Wu L, Zhang L (2009) Study of extraction and purification of Ni, Co and Mn from spent battery material. Hydrometallurgy 99:7–12

Li J, Li X, Zhang Y, Hu Q, Wang Z, Zhou Y (2009) Study of spent battery material leaching process. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 19:751–755

Kang J, Senanayake G, Sohn J, Shin SM (2010) Recovery of cobalt sulfate from spent lithium ion batteries by reductive leaching and solvent extraction with Cyanex 272. Hydrometallurgy 100:168–171

Kang J, Sohn J, Chang H, Senanayake G, Shin SM (2010) Preparation of cobalt oxide from concentrated cathode material of spent lithium ion batteries by hydrometallurgical method. Adv Powder Technol 21:175–179

Lupi C, Pasquali M (2003) Electrolytic nickel recovery from lithium-ion batteries. Miner Eng 16:537–542

Wang F, He F, Zhao J, Sui N, Xu L, Liu H (2012) Extraction and separation of cobalt(II), copper(II) and manganese(II) by Cyanex 272, PC-88A and their mixtures. Sep Purif Technol 93:8–14

Zhao JM, Shen XY, Deng FL, Wang FC, Wu Y, Liu HZ (2011) Synergistic extraction and separation of valuable metals from waste cathodic material of lithium ion batteries using Cyanex 272 and PC-88A. Sep Purif Technol 78:345–351

Cerpa A, Alguacil FJ (2004) Separation of cobalt and nickel from acidic sulfate solutions using mixtures of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DP-8R) and hydroxyoxime (ACORGA M5640). J Chen Technol Biot 79:455–460

Cheng CY (2006) Solvent extraction of nickel and cobalt with synergistic systems consisting of carboxylic acid and aliphatic hydroxyoxime. Hydrometallurgy 84:109–117

du Preez AC, Preston JS (2004) Separation of nickel and cobalt from calcium, magnesium and manganese by solvent extraction with synergistic mixtures of carboxylic acids. J S Afr Inst Min Metall 104:333–338

Cheng CY, Zhang WS, Pranolo Y (2010) Separation of cobalt and zinc from manganese, magnesium, and calcium using a synergistic solvent extraction system consisting of Versatic 10 and LIX 63. Solvent Extr Ion Exch 28:608–624

Kim DS, Sohn JS, Lee CK, Lee JH, Han KS, Lee YI (2004) Simultaneous separation and renovation of lithium cobalt oxide from the cathode of spent lithium ion rechargeable batteries. J Power Sources 132:145–149

Yoshimura M, Han KS, Tsurimoto S (1998) Direct fabrication of thin-film LiNiO2 electrodes in LiOH solution by electrochemical-hydrothermal method. Solid State Ionics 106:39–44

Han KS, Song SW, Fujita H, Yoshimura M (2000) Single-step fabrication of Li1−x Ni1+x O2 and LiCoO2 films by soft solution-processing at 20–200°C. Solid State Ionics 135:273–276

Han KS, Tsurimoto S, Yoshimura M (1999) Fabrication temperature and applied current density effects on the direct fabrication of lithium nickel oxide thin-film electrodes in LiOH solution by the electrochemical-hydrothermal method. Solid State Ionics 121:229–233

Song SW, Han KS, Sasagawa I, Watanabe T, Yoshimura M (2000) Effect of LiOH concentration change on simultaneous preparation of LiCoO2 film and powder by hydrothermal method. Solid State Ionics 135:277–281

Watanabe T, Uono H, Song SW, Han KS, Yoshimura M (2001) Direct fabrication of lithium cobalt oxide films on various substrates in flowing aqueous solutions at 150°C. J Solid State Chem 162:364–370

Han KS, Song SW, Tsurimoto S, Fujita H, Sasagawa I, Choi KH, Kang HK, Yoshimura M (2002) Soft solution processing for direct fabrication of LiMO2 (M=Ni and Co) film. Solid State Ionics 151:11–18

U.S. Geological Survey (2011) Mineral commodity summaries 2011. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia

Rentz O, Engels B, Schultmann F (2001) Environmental research plan of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, nature conservation and nuclear safety. Research Project 299 35 330. French-German Institute for Environmental Research, Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Bau-, Verkehrs- und Energiedirektion des Kantons Bern, GSA – Amt für Gewässerschutz und Abfallwirtschaft (Ed.) (2003) Altbatterien gehören nicht in den Kehrrichtsack, Abfallsplitter, Waste Information Canton Bern

Pistoia G, Wiaux JP, Wolsky SP (2001) Used battery collection and recycling. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam

Henrion P (2004) ICBR—international congress for battery recycling, Como

Henrion P (2008) EBR—electronics & battery recycling, Toronto

Henrion P (2008) ICBR—international congress for battery recycling, Düsseldorf

Tollinsky N (2008) Xstrata boosts recycling capacity. Sudbury Min Solut J 5:1–36

Chéret D (2004) ICBR—international congress for battery recycling, Como

Chéret D (2006) ICBR—international congress for battery recycling, Interlaken

Meskers CEM, Hagelüken C, Van Damme G (2009) Greeen recycling of EEE: special and precious metal recovery from EEE. In: Stanley M, Howard (eds) Proceedings of sessions and symposia sponsored by the extraction & processing division (EPD) of the minerals, metals & materials society (TMS), San Franscisco, California, pp 1131–1136

Siret C (2008) ICBR—international congress for battery recycling, Düsseldorf

Siret C, Van Damme G (2008) EBR—electronics & battery recycling, Toronto