An overview of the last advances in probiotic and prebiotic field

Abrams, 2005, A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82, 471, 10.1093/ajcn/82.2.471

Abreu, 2004, Innate immunity and toll-like receptors: clinical implication of basic science research, The Journal of Pediatrics, 144, 421, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.01.057

Alliet, 2007, Effect of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide, long-chain fructooligosaccharide infant formula on serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels, Nutrition, 23, 719, 10.1016/j.nut.2007.06.011

Alvarez-Olmos, 2001, Probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional therapy, Clinical Infection Diseases, 32, 1567, 10.1086/320518

Arnold, 2006, Mannan binding lectin and its interaction with immunoglobulins in health and in disease, Immunology Letters, 106, 103, 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.05.007

Arseneau, 2007, Innate and adaptive immune responses related to IBD pathogenesis, Current Gastroenterology Reports, 9, 508, 10.1007/s11894-007-0067-3

Asahara, 2001, Increased resistance of mice to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection by synbiotic administration of Bifidobacteria and transgalactosylated oligosaccharides, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91, 985, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01461.x

Bakker-Zierikzee, 2006, Faecal SIgA secretion in infants fed on pre- or probiotic infant formula, Pediatric Allergy Immunology, 17, 134, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00370.x

Barreteau, 2006, Production of oligosaccharides as promising new food additive generation, Food Technology and Biotechnology, 44, 323

Basu, 2007, Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in acute watery diarrhoea of Indian children: a randomised controlled trial, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 43, 837, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01201.x

Basu, 2007, Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in persistent diarrhea in Indian children: a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 41, 756, 10.1097/01.mcg.0000248009.47526.ea

Basu, 2008, Efficacy of High-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in controlling acute watery diarrhoea in Indian children: a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 43, 208, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31815a5780

Benkouider, 2004, Functional foods: a global overview, International Food Ingredients, 5, 66

Benkouider, 2005, The world’s emerging markets, Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

Beylot, 2005, Effects of inulin-type fructans on lipid metabolism in man and in animal models, British Journal of Nutrition, 93, S163, 10.1079/BJN20041339

Bibiloni, 2005, VSL#3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,.100, 1539

Boehm, 2005, Prebiotic carbohydrates in human milk and formulas, Acta Pediatrica, 94, 18, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb02149.x

Bomba, 2002, Improvement of the probiotic effect of microorganisms by their combination with maltodextrins, fructo-oligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids, British Journal of Nutrition, 88, 95, 10.1079/BJN2002634

Bosscher, 2007, Slimming foods: latest evidence in the field of non-digestible carbohydrates. Focus on oligosaccharides

Bosscher, 2006, Inulin and oligofructose as functional ingredients to improve bone mineralization, International Dairy Journal, 16, 1092, 10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.10.028

Boudeau, 2003, Inhibitory effect of probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 on adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by adherent-invasive E. coli strains isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease, Alimentary Pharmacology Therapeutics, 18, 45, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01638.x

Bournet, 2002, Nutritional aspects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides: natural occurrence, chemistry, physiology, and health implications, Digestive and Liver Disease, 34, S111, 10.1016/S1590-8658(02)80177-3

Bovee-Oudenhoven, 2003, Dietary fructo-oligosaccharides and lactulose inhibit intestinal colonisation but stimulate translocation of Salmonella in rats, Gut, 52, 1572, 10.1136/gut.52.11.1572

Braat, 2004, Dichotomy between Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Klebsiella pneumoniae on dendritic cell phenotype and function, Journal of Molecular Medecine, 10.1007/s00109-003-0509-9

Brigidi, 2001, Effects of probiotic administration upon the composition and enzymatic activity of human fecal microbiotia in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or functional diarrhoea, Research in Microbiology, 152, 735, 10.1016/S0923-2508(01)01254-2

Buddington, 2002, Dietary oligofructose and inulin. protect mice from enteric and systemic pathogtens and tumor inducers, Journal of Nutrition, 132, 472, 10.1093/jn/132.3.472

Bugaut, 1993, Biological effects of short-chain fatty acids in nonruminant mammals, Annual Review of Nutrition, 13, 217, 10.1146/annurev.nu.13.070193.001245

Bukowska, 1998, Decrease in fibrinogen and LDL-cholesterol levels upon supplementation of diet with Lactobacillus plantarum in subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, 137, 437

Caballero-Franco, 2007, The VSL#3 probiotic formula induces mucin gene expression and secretion in colonic epithelial cells, American Journal of Physiology and Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 292, 315, 10.1152/ajpgi.00265.2006

Camilleri, 2000, Neurogastroenterology: evolving concepts and techniques to study motility and hypersensitivity, Digestive Liver Disease, 32, S227, 10.1016/S1590-8658(00)80287-X

Campbell, 1997, Selected indigestible oligosaccharides affect large bowel mass, cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids, pH and microflora in rats, Journal of Nutrition, 127, 130, 10.1093/jn/127.1.130

Campieri, 2000, Combination of antibiotic and probiotic treatment is efficacious in prophylaxis of post-operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled study vs mesalasine, Gastroenterology, 118

Cani, 2004, Inulin-type fructans modulate gastrointestinal peptides involved in appetite regulation (glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin) in rats, British Journal of Nutrition, 92, 521, 10.1079/BJN20041225

Cani, 2006, Improvement of glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by oligofructose requires a functional glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, Diabetes, 55, 1484, 10.2337/db05-1360

Cani, 2007, Dietary non-digestible carbohydrates promote L-cell differentiation in the proximal colon of rats, British Journal of Nutrition, 98, 32, 10.1017/S0007114507691648

Cani, 2009, Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90, 1236, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28095

Cani, 2009, Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a Prebiotic concept and health S59 mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability, Gut, 58, 1091, 10.1136/gut.2008.165886

Chaudhri, 2008, Gastrointestinal satiety signals, Annual Review of Physiology, 70, 239, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100506

Cherbut, 2003, The prebiotic characteristics of fructooligosaccharides are necessary for reduction of TNBS-induced colitis in rats, Journal of Nutrition, 133, 21, 10.1093/jn/133.1.21

Choi, 2011, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in irritablebowel syndrome: effect on quality of life, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 45, 679, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318204593e

Claeson, 1990, Global progress in the control of diarrheal disease, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 9, 345, 10.1097/00006454-199005000-00008

Coppa, 2006, Prebiotics in human milk: a review, Digestive and Liver Disease, 38, S291, 10.1016/S1590-8658(07)60013-9

Crittenden, 2002, Purification of food-grade oligosaccharides using immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis, Applied Microbiology and Biotechology, 58, 297, 10.1007/s00253-001-0886-3

Cui, 2004, The effects of Bifidobacterium on the intestinal mucosa of the patients with ulcerative colitis, Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi, 42, 554

Cummings, 2002, Gastrointestinal effect of prebiotics, British Journal of Nutition, 87, 145, 10.1079/BJN/2002530

De Vrese, 2001, Probiotics-compensation for lactase insufficiency, American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 73, 421, 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.421s

Delattre, 2005, Oligosaccharides engineering from plants and algae applications in biotechnology and therapeutics, Minerva Biotechnology, 17, 107

Delmee, 2006, Relation between colonic proglucagon expression and metabolic response to oligofructose in high fat diet-fed mice, Life Science, 79, 1007, 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.05.013

Delzenne, 2005, Impact of inulin and oligofructose on gastrointestinal peptides, British Journal of Nutrition, 93

Delzenne, 2002, Inulin and oligofructose modulate lipid metabolis in animals, review of biological events and future prospects, British Journal of Nutrition, 87, 255, 10.1079/BJN/2002545

Delzenne, 2001, Effects of fructan-type prebiotics on lipid metabolism, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73, 456, 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.456s

Delzenne, 2011, Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics, Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 7, 639, 10.1038/nrendo.2011.126

Demigné, 2008, Comparison of native or reformulated chicory fructans, or non-purified chicory, on rat cecal fermentation and mineral metabolism, European Journal of Nutrition, 47, 366, 10.1007/s00394-008-0736-5

Dogi, 2010, Immune response of non-pathogenic gram(+) and gram(-) bacteria in inductive sites of the intestinal mucosa study of the pathway of signaling involved, Immunobiology, 215, 60, 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.01.005

Doherty, 2010, Meta-analysis: targeting the intestinal microbiota in prophylaxis for post-operative Crohn’s disease, Alimentary and Pharmacology Therapeutics, 31, 802, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04231.x

Drossman, 2002, AGA technical review on irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology, 123, 2108, 10.1053/gast.2002.37095

Drouault-Holowacz, 2008, A double blind randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination in 100 patients with irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroenterology and Clinical Biology, 32, 147, 10.1016/j.gcb.2007.06.001

Dunne, 2001, In vitro selection criteria for probiotic bacteria of human origin: correlation with in vivo findings, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73, 386, 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.386s

Dutta, 2011, Randomised controlled clinical trial of Lactobacillus sporogenes (Bacillus coagulans), used as probiotic in clinical practice, on acute watery diarrhoea in children, Tropical Medicine and International Health, 16, 555, 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02745.x

Everard, 2011, Responses of gut .microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-Resistant mice, Diabetes, 60, 2775, 10.2337/db11-0227

Fang, 2009, Dose-dependent effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on quantitative reduction of faecal rotavirus shedding in children, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 55, 297, 10.1093/tropej/fmp001

FAO WHO, 2001

FAO WHO, 2002

Femia, 2002, Antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats, Carcinogenesis, 23, 1953, 10.1093/carcin/23.11.1953

Fern, E. (2007). Marketing of functional foods: a point of view of the industry. International Developments in Science & Health Claims, ILSI international symposium On Functional Foods in Europe.

Fiordaliso, 1995, Dietary oligofructose lowers triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol in serum and very low density lipoproteins of rats, Lipids, 30, 163, 10.1007/BF02538270

Forchielli, 2005, The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defence, British Journal of Nutrition, 93, 41, 10.1079/BJN20041356

Gibson, 2004, Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics, Nutrition Research Reviews, 17, 257, 10.1079/NRR200479

Gibson, 1995, Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiotia: introducing the concept of prebiotics, Journal of Nutrition, 125, 1401, 10.1093/jn/125.6.1401

Gill, 2001, Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural killer cell activity in the elderly: an investigation of age-related immunological changes, Journal of Clinical Immunology, 21, 264, 10.1023/A:1010979225018

Gosselink, 2004, Delay of the first onset of pouchitis by oral intake of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Diseases of the Colon and Rectum, 47, 876, 10.1007/s10350-004-0525-z

Grandy, 2010, Probiotics in the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhoea. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial using two different probiotic preparations in Bolivian children, BMC Infectious Disease, 10, 1

Guarner, 2007, A prebiotic in inflammatory bowel diseases, British Journal of Nutrition, 98, 85, 10.1017/S0007114507832958

Guarner, 2003, Bacterial flora of the digestive tract, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 26, 1

Guglielmetti, 2011, Randomised clinical trial: bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life-a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Alimentary and Pharmacology Therapeutics, 33, 1123, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04633.x

Guslandi, 2000, Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 45, 1462, 10.1023/A:1005588911207

Halpern, 1996, Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Lacteol Fort: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 91, 1579

Hart, 2004, Modulation of human dendritic cell phenotype and function by probiotic bacteria, Gut, 53, 1602, 10.1136/gut.2003.037325

He, 2005, Effect of orally administered non-viable Lactobacillus cells on murine humoral immune responses, Microbiology and Immunology, 49, 993, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03695.x

Hickson, 2007, Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial, BMJ, 335, 80, 10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55

Hilliam, 2000, Functional food––how big is the market? The world of food, Ingredients, 12, 50

Hoarau, 2006, Supernatant of Bifidobacterium breve induces dendritic cell maturation, activation, and survival through a Toll-like receptor 2 pathway, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117, 696, 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.10.043

Hoentjen, 2005, Reduction of colitis by prebiotics in HLA-B27 transgenic rats is associated with microflora changes and immunomodulation, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 11, 977, 10.1097/01.MIB.0000183421.02316.d5

Holzapfel, 2001, Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73, 365S, 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.365s

Hosono, 2003, Dietary fructooligosaccharides induce immunoregulation of intestinal IgA secretion by murine Peyer’s patch cells, Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 67, 758, 10.1271/bbb.67.758

Hsu, 2004, Xylooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides affect the intestinal microbiota and precancerous colonic lesion development in rats, Journal of Nutrition, 134, 1523, 10.1093/jn/134.6.1523

Ishikawa, 2003, Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria fermented milk on ulcerative colitis, Journal of American College of Nutrition, 22, 56, 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719276

Isolauri, 2004, Microbial-gut interactions in health and diseases, Probiotics and Best Practice Research in Clinical Gastroenterology, 18, 299, 10.1016/j.bpg.2003.10.006

Isolauri, 2008, Probiotics: use in allergic disorders: a nutrition, Allergy, mucosal Immunology, and intestinal microbiota (NAMI) research group report, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 42, 91, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181639a98

Jamieson, 2008, Dietary longchain inulin reduces abdominal fat but has no effect on bone density in growing female rats, British Journal of Nutrition, 100, 451, 10.1017/S0007114508894378

Jaskari, 1998, Oat beta-glucan and xylan hydrolysates as selective substrates for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains, Applied Microbiology and Biotechology, 49, 175, 10.1007/s002530051155

Kagnoff, 1997, Epithelial cells as sensors for microbial infection, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 100, 6, 10.1172/JCI119522

Kaila, 1992, Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain, Pediatric Research, 32, 141, 10.1203/00006450-199208000-00002

Kajander, 2006, Clinical studies on alleviating the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome with a probiotic combination, Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 15, 576

Kajander, 2008, Clinical trial: multispecies probiotic supplementation alleviates the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and stabilizes intestinal microbiota, Alimentary and Pharmacology Therapeutics, 27, 48, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03542.x

Kalliomäki, 2003, Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 361, 1869, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13490-3

Kim, 1982, Effect of sodium butyrate and three human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines in culture, Falk Symposium, 31, 317

Kleessen, 2001, Oligofructose and long-chain inulin: influence on the gut microbial ecology of rats associated with a human faecal flora, British Journal of Nutrition, 86, 291, 10.1079/BJN2001403

Knauf, 2005, Brain glucagon-like peptide-1 increases insulin secretion andmuscle insulin resistance to favor hepatic glycogen storage, Journal of Clinical Investigations, 115, 3554, 10.1172/JCI25764

Kos, B. (2001). Probiotic concept: in vitro investigations with chosen lactic acid bacteria, PhD Thesis, Faculty of food Technology and biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Croatia.

Kotilainen, 2006, Health enhancing foods: opportunities for strengthening the sector in developing countries, Agriculture and Rural Development

Kotowska, 2005, Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Alimentary and Pharmacology Therapeutics, 21, 583, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02356.x

Kruis, 2004, Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine, Gut, 53, 1617, 10.1136/gut.2003.037747

Kuisma, 2003, Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on ileal pouch inflammation and microbial flora, Alimentary and Pharmacology Therapeutics, 17, 509, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01465.x

Kwak, 2001, Functional foods. Part 1. The development of a regulatory concept, Food Control, 12, 99, 10.1016/S0956-7135(00)00028-1

Langlands, 2004, Prebiotic carbohydrates modify the mucosa associated microflora of the human large bowel, Gut, 53, 1610, 10.1136/gut.2003.037580

Latvala, 2008, Potentially probiotic bacteria induce efficient maturation but differential cytokine production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 36, 5570, 10.3748/wjg.14.5570

Lewis, 2005, Effects of metronidazole and oligofructose on faecal concentrations of sulphate reducing bacteria and their activity in human volunteers, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 40, 1296, 10.1080/00365520510023585

Lewis, 2005, Effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a randomized, controlled study, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 3, 442, 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00677-9

Lin, 2008, Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri suppress proinflammatory cytokines via c-Jun, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 14, 1068, 10.1002/ibd.20448

Llopis, 2009, Lactobacillus casei downregulates commensals’ inflammatory signals in Crohn’s disease mucosa, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 15, 275, 10.1002/ibd.20736

Mäkinen-Aakula, 2006, Trends in functional foods dairy market

Malchow, 1997, Crohn’s disease and Escherichia coli, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 25, 653, 10.1097/00004836-199712000-00021

Mandalari, 2007, In vitro evaluation of the prebiotic activity of a pectic oligosaccharide-rich extract enzymatically derived from bergamot peel, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 73, 1173, 10.1007/s00253-006-0561-9

Marco, 2006, Towards understanding molecular modes of probiotc action, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 17, 204, 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.02.005

Marteau, 2006, Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial, Gut, 55, 842, 10.1136/gut.2005.076604

Matsuguchi, 2003, Lipoteichoic acids from Lactobacillus strains elicit strong tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing activities in macrophages through Toll-like receptor 2, Clinical and Diagnostics Laboratory Immunology, 10, 259

Matsumoto, 2001, Preventive effects of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus-fermented milk on the development of inflammatory bowel disease in senescence-accelerated mouse P1/Yit strain mice, Digestion, 64, 92, 10.1159/000048846

Matsumoto, 2005, Probiotic Lactobacillus -induced improvement in murine chronic inflammatory bowel disease is associated with the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lamina propria mononuclear cells, Clinical Experimental Immunology, 140, 417, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02790.x

Mattila-Sandholm, 1999, Probiotics: towards demonstrating efficacy, Trends of Food Science and Technology, 10, 393, 10.1016/S0924-2244(00)00029-7

McFarland, 2008, Meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 14, 2650, 10.3748/wjg.14.2650

McFarland, 1994, A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease, JAMA, 271, 1913, 10.1001/jama.1994.03510480037031

Menrad, 2003, Market and marketing of functional food in Europe, Journal of Food Engineering, 56, 181, 10.1016/S0260-8774(02)00247-9

Michaud, 2003, Polysaccharide lyases: recent developments as biotechnological tools, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 23, 233, 10.1080/07388550390447043

Mimura, 2004, Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL 3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis, Gut, 53, 108, 10.1136/gut.53.1.108

Monár, J. (2007). The Spanish functional food market: present and future perspectives. Functional FoodNet (FFNet) network meeting, (IATA-CSIC).

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Moura, 2007, In vitro fermentation of xylo-oligosaccharides from corn cobs autohydrolysis by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains, LWT-Food Science Technolology, 40, 963, 10.1016/j.lwt.2006.07.013

Munjal, 2009, Fermentation products of inulin-type fructans reduce proliferation and induce apoptosis in human colon tumour cells of different stages of carcinogenesis, British Journal of Nutrition, 27, 1

Mussamatto, 2007, Non-digestible oligosaccharides: a review, Carbohydrate Polymers, 68, 587, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.12.011

Nakamura, 2004, Dietary fructooligosaccharides up-regulate immunoglobulin A response and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression in intestines of infant mice, Clinical Experimental Immunology, 137, 52, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02487.x

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Neyrinck, 2011, Prebiotic effects of wheat arabinoxylan related to the increase in bifidobacteria, Roseburia and Bacteroides/Prevotella in diet-induced obese mice, PLoS One, 6, e20944, 10.1371/journal.pone.0020944

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Niedzielin, 2001, A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 13, 1143, 10.1097/00042737-200110000-00004

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Palframan, 2003, Development of a quantitative tool for the comparison of the prebiotic effect of dietary oligosaccharides, Letters of Applied Microbiology, 37, 281, 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01398.x

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Parnell, 2009, Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults, American Joural of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 1751, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27465

Parnell, 2011, Prebiotic fibres dose-dependently increase satiety hormones and alter Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in lean and obese JCR: LA-cp rats, British Journal of Nutrition, 18, 1

Pena, 2003, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decreases TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages by a contact-independent mechanism, Cell Microbiology, 5, 277, 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.t01-1-00275.x

Pereira, 2002, Effects of consumption of probiotics and prebiotics on serum lipid levels in humans, Critical Reviews of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 37, 259, 10.1080/10409230290771519

Petrof, 2004, Probiotics inhibit nuclear factor-kB and induce heat shock proteins in colonic epithelial cells, Gastroenterology, 127, 1474, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.001

Peuranen, 2004, Combination of microbial ecosystem and immune responses in rat gastrointestinal tract, British Journal of Nutrition, 91, 905, 10.1079/BJN20041114

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Plummer, 2004, Clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhoea, International Microbiology, 7, 59

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Prantera, 2002, Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn’s disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG, Gut, 51, 405, 10.1136/gut.51.3.405

Pronio, 2008, Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 14, 662, 10.1002/ibd.20369

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