An efficient procedure for protein extraction from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues for reverse phase protein arrays
Tóm tắt
Protein extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues is challenging due to extensive molecular crosslinking that occurs upon formalin fixation. Reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) is a high-throughput technology, which can detect changes in protein levels and protein functionality in numerous tissue and cell sources. It has been used to evaluate protein expression mainly in frozen preparations or FFPE-based studies of limited scope. Reproducibility and reliability of the technique in FFPE samples has not yet been demonstrated extensively. We developed and optimized an efficient and reproducible procedure for extraction of proteins from FFPE cells and xenografts, and then applied the method to FFPE patient tissues and evaluated its performance on RPPA.
Fresh frozen and FFPE preparations from cell lines, xenografts and breast cancer and renal tissues were included in the study. Serial FFPE cell or xenograft sections were deparaffinized and extracted by six different protein extraction protocols. The yield and level of protein degradation were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and Western Blots. The most efficient protocol was used to prepare protein lysates from breast cancer and renal tissues, which were subsequently subjected to RPPA. Reproducibility was evaluated and Spearman correlation was calculated between matching fresh frozen and FFPE samples.
The most effective approach from six protein extraction protocols tested enabled efficient extraction of immunoreactive protein from cell line, breast cancer and renal tissue sample sets. 85% of the total of 169 markers tested on RPPA demonstrated significant correlation between FFPE and frozen preparations (p < 0.05) in at least one cell or tissue type, with only 23 markers common in all three sample sets. In addition, FFPE preparations yielded biologically meaningful observations related to pathway signaling status in cell lines, and classification of renal tissues.
With optimized protein extraction methods, FFPE tissues can be a valuable source in generating reproducible and biologically relevant proteomic profiles using RPPA, with specific marker performance varying according to tissue type.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Lim MS, Elenitoba-Johnson KS: Proteomics in pathology research. Lab Invest 2004,84(10):1227–1244. 10.1038/labinvest.3700167
Crockett DK, Lin Z, Vaughn CP, Lim MS, Elenitoba-Johnson KS: Identification of proteins from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cells by LC-MS/MS. Lab Invest 2005,85(11):1405–1415. 10.1038/labinvest.3700343
Addis MF, Tanca A, Pagnozzi D, Crobu S, Fanciulli G, Cossu-Rocca P, Uzzau S: Generation of high-quality protein extracts from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Proteomics 2009,9(15):3815–3823. 10.1002/pmic.200800971
Hood BL, Darfler MM, Guiel TG, Furusato B, Lucas DA, Ringeisen BR, Sesterhenn IA, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Krizman DB: Proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed prostate cancer tissue. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005,4(11):1741–1753. 10.1074/mcp.M500102-MCP200
Shi SR, Liu C, Balgley BM, Lee C, Taylor CR: Protein extraction from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections: quality evaluation by mass spectrometry. J Histochem Cytochem 2006,54(6):739–743. 10.1369/jhc.5B6851.2006
Palmer-Toy DE, Krastins B, Sarracino DA, Nadol JB Jr, Merchant SN: Efficient method for the proteomic analysis of fixed and embedded tissues. J Proteome Res 2005,4(6):2404–2411. 10.1021/pr050208p
Guo T, Wang W, Rudnick PA, Song T, Li J, Zhuang Z, Weil RJ, DeVoe DL, Lee CS, Balgley BM: Proteome analysis of microdissected formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. J Histochem Cytochem 2007,55(7):763–772. 10.1369/jhc.7A7177.2007
Hwang SI, Thumar J, Lundgren DH, Rezaul K, Mayya V, Wu L, Eng J, Wright ME, Han DK: Direct cancer tissue proteomics: a method to identify candidate cancer biomarkers from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues. Oncogene 2007,26(1):65–76. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209755
Tibes R, Qiu Y, Lu Y, Hennessy B, Andreeff M, Mills GB, Kornblau SM: Reverse phase protein array: validation of a novel proteomic technology and utility for analysis of primary leukemia specimens and hematopoietic stem cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006,5(10):2512–2521. 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0334
Park ES, Rabinovsky R, Carey M, Hennessy BT, Agarwal R, Liu W, Ju Z, Deng W, Lu Y, Woo HG, et al.: Integrative analysis of proteomic signatures, mutations, and drug responsiveness in the NCI 60 cancer cell line set. Mol Cancer Ther 2010,9(2):257–267. 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0743
Carey MS, Agarwal R, Gilks B, Swenerton K, Kalloger S, Santos J, Ju Z, Lu Y, Zhang F, Coombes KR, et al.: Functional proteomic analysis of advanced serous ovarian cancer using reverse phase protein array: TGF-beta pathway signaling indicates response to primary chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010,16(10):2852–2860. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2502
Sheehan KM, Calvert VS, Kay EW, Lu Y, Fishman D, Espina V, Aquino J, Speer R, Araujo R, Mills GB, et al.: Use of reverse phase protein microarrays and reference standard development for molecular network analysis of metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005,4(4):346–355. 10.1074/mcp.T500003-MCP200
Spurrier B, Honkanen P, Holway A, Kumamoto K, Terashima M, Takenoshita S, Wakabayashi G, Austin J, Nishizuka S: Protein and lysate array technologies in cancer research. Biotechnol Adv 2008,26(4):361–369.
Speer R, Wulfkuhle J, Espina V, Aurajo R, Edmiston KH, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF 3rd: Development of reverse phase protein microarrays for clinical applications and patient-tailored therapy. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2007,4(3):157–164.
Hennessy BT, Lu Y, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Carey MS, Myhre S, Ju Z, Davies MA, Liu W, Coombes K, Meric-Bernstam F, et al.: A Technical Assessment of the Utility of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays for the Study of the Functional Proteome in Non-microdissected Human Breast Cancers. Clin Proteomics 2010,6(4):129–151. 10.1007/s12014-010-9055-y
Fowler CB, Cunningham RE, O'Leary TJ, Mason JT: 'Tissue surrogates' as a model for archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Lab Invest 2007,87(8):836–846. 10.1038/labinvest.3700596
Shi SR, Cote RJ, Taylor CR: Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry and molecular morphology in the year 2001. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2001,9(2):107–116. 10.1097/00022744-200106000-00002
Chung JY, Lee SJ, Kris Y, Braunschweig T, Traicoff JL, Hewitt SM: A well-based reverse-phase protein array applicable to extracts from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008, 2: 1539–1547. 10.1002/prca.200800005
Shi SR, Key ME, Kalra KL: Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J Histochem Cytochem 1991,39(6):741–748. 10.1177/39.6.1709656
Shi SR, Imam SA, Young L, Cote RJ, Taylor CR: Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry under the influence of pH using monoclonal antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 1995,43(2):193–201. 10.1177/43.2.7822775
Fowler CB, Cunningham RE, Waybright TJ, Blonder J, Veenstra TD, O'Leary TJ, Mason JT: Elevated hydrostatic pressure promotes protein recovery from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue surrogates. Lab Invest 2008,88(2):185–195. 10.1038/labinvest.3700708
Zien A, Aigner T, Zimmer R, Lengauer T: Centralization: a new method for the normalization of gene expression data. Bioinformatics 2001,17(Suppl 1):S323-S331. 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.suppl_1.S323
Wolff C, Schott C, Porschewski P, Reischauer B, Becker KF: Successful protein extraction from over-fixed and long-term stored formalin-fixed tissues. PLoS One 2011,6(1):e16353. 10.1371/journal.pone.0016353
Becker KF, Schott C, Hipp S, Metzger V, Porschewski P, Beck R, Nahrig J, Becker I, Hofler H: Quantitative protein analysis from formalin-fixed tissues: implications for translational clinical research and nanoscale molecular diagnosis. J Pathol 2007,211(3):370–378. 10.1002/path.2107
Berg D, Langer R, Tran K, Walch A, Schuster T, Bronger H, Becker KF: Protein Microarray-based Comparison of HER2, Estrogen Receptor, and Progesterone Receptor Status in Core Biopsies and Surgical Specimens From FFPE Breast Cancer Tissues. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011,19(4):300–305. 10.1097/PAI.0b013e3182054f9f
Berg D, Wolff C, Malinowsky K, Tran K, Walch A, Bronger H, Schuster T, Hofler H, Becker KF: Profiling signalling pathways in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues reveals cross-talk between EGFR, HER2, HER3 and uPAR. J Cell Physiol 2012,227(1):204–212. 10.1002/jcp.22718
Wolff C, Malinowsky K, Berg D, Schragner K, Schuster T, Walch A, Bronger H, Hofler H, Becker KF: Signalling networks associated with urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 in breast cancer tissues: new insights from protein microarray analysis. J Pathol 2011,223(1):54–63. 10.1002/path.2791
Silvestri A, Colombatti A, Calvert VS, Deng J, Mammano E, Belluco C, De Marchi F, Nitti D, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF, et al.: Protein pathway biomarker analysis of human cancer reveals requirement for upfront cellular-enrichment processing. Lab Invest 2010,90(5):787–796. 10.1038/labinvest.2010.47
Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, Martinez P, Matthews N, Stewart A, Tarpey P, et al.: Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med 2012,366(10):883–892. 10.1056/NEJMoa1113205
Westermeier R: Sensitive, quantitative, and fast modifications for Coomassie Blue staining of polyacrylamide gels. Proteomics 2006,6(Suppl 2):61–64.
Hennessy BT, Lu Y, Poradosu E, Yu Q, Yu S, Hall H, Carey MS, Ravoori M, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Birch R, et al.: Pharmacodynamic markers of perifosine efficacy. Clin Cancer Res 2007,13(24):7421–7431. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0760
Stemke-Hale K, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Lluch A, Neve RM, Kuo WL, Davies M, Carey M, Hu Z, Guan Y, Sahin A, et al.: An integrative genomic and proteomic analysis of PIK3CA, PTEN, and AKT mutations in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2008,68(15):6084–6091. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6854
Hu J, He X, Baggerly KA, Coombes KR, Hennessy BT, Mills GB: Non-parametric quantification of protein lysate arrays. Bioinformatics 2007,23(15):1986–1994. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm283
Team RDC: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; 2010:409.