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Bệnh Alzheimer: các khía cạnh cơ bản và điều trị
Tóm tắt
Bệnh Alzheimer là loại bệnh mất trí nhớ tiến triển và suy yếu nhất, chủ yếu ảnh hưởng đến người cao tuổi. Trong một số trường hợp di truyền gia đình khởi phát sớm, cũng như muộn, đã chỉ ra sự liên kết di truyền với nhiễm sắc thể 14, 21 (khởi phát sớm) hoặc 19 (khởi phát muộn). Hơn nữa, một vai trò trực tiếp hoặc gián tiếp đã được gán cho protein amyloid β bình thường hoặc bị biến đổi về cấu trúc (tập trung trong mảng xơ vữa) và/hoặc protein tau phosphoryl hóa quá mức (nằm trong các búi sợi thần kinh). Sự suy thoái của tế bào thần kinh cholinergic và sự suy giảm đồng thời của dẫn truyền thần kinh ở vỏ não và hồi hải mã dẫn đến các rối loạn về nhận thức và trí nhớ. Nhiều hợp chất đang được thử nghiệm nhằm ngăn ngừa và/hoặc điều trị bệnh Alzheimer, bao gồm tacrine, có tác động rất khiêm tốn trên một nhóm bệnh nhân, cùng với các chất ức chế acetylcholinesterase mới. Các thí nghiệm thí điểm cũng đã được khởi động sử dụng yếu tố tăng trưởng thần kinh (NGF) nhằm ngăn ngừa hoặc ổn định quá trình suy thoái của đường dẫn cholinergic. Ngoài ra, các chất chống oxy hóa, chất quét gốc tự do và/hoặc các tác nhân chống viêm không steroid cũng có thể được sàng lọc như là liệu pháp tiềm năng cho các bệnh thoái hóa thần kinh do nhiều yếu tố nội sinh và/hoặc ngoại sinh. Việc sử dụng chuột biến đổi gen gần đây, cùng với các hệ thống di truyền, sinh hóa và sinh học thần kinh khác, trong ống nghiệm và/hoặc trong môi trường nuôi cấy tế bào, sẽ thúc đẩy quá trình phát hiện và phát triển các loại thuốc đặc hiệu cho điều trị bệnh Alzheimer.
Từ khóa
#Bệnh Alzheimer #suy giảm nhận thức #điều trị #protein amyloid β #protein tau #yếu tố tăng trưởng thần kinh #chuột biến đổi genTài liệu tham khảo
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