Africa and the European Economic Community

“CFA Franc System,”IMF Staff Papers (November, 1963), pp. 345–396. Dr. Allardt,Tasks and Aims of the EEC in Africa, lecture given on the occasion of Africa Day at the German Industries Fair in Hanover, April 30, 1959 (Bruxelles: EEC Commission, 1959), p. 6. Le Monde (Paris)quoted in G. Van Benthem Van der Bergh, “The New Convention of Association with African States,”Common Market Law Review, Vol. 1 (September, 1963), p. 159. “The Association of Overseas Countries and Territories,”American Journal of International Law., Vol. 51 (October, 1957), pp. 865–1004. Ibid. “The Association of Overseas Countries and Territories,”American Journal of International Law., Vol. 51 (October, 1957), p. 910. Ibid. “The Association of Overseas Countries and Territories,”American Journal of International Law., Vol. 51 (October, 1957), pp. 991–912. Ibid. “The Association of Overseas Countries and Territories,”American Journal of International Law., Vol. 51 (October, 1957), p. 950. Ibid. “The Association of Overseas Countries and Territories,”American Journal of International Law., Vol. 51 (October, 1957), p. 952. Convention of Association between the EEC and the African and Malagasy States Associated with the Community and Related Documents (London: H.M.S.O., 1965). Ibid. Convention of Association between the EEC and the African and Malagasy States Associated with the Community and Related Documents (London: H.M.S.O., 1965). p. 31. Ibid. Convention of Association between the EEC and the African and Malagasy States Associated with the Community and Related Documents (London: H.M.S.O., 1965). p. 16–20. Convention of Association between the EEC and the African and Malagasy States Associated with that Community and Annexed Documents (Bruxelles: EEC Commission, 1969). See: GATT,Report of the Working Party on the Association of Overseas Territories with the EEC including Commodity Trade Studies (GENEVA: 1958); UNECA,Impact of Western European Integration on African Trade and Development (Dec., 1960) E/CN/4/72; Organization of American States, The Effects of the EEC on the Latin American Economies (Washington: OAS, 1963); R.K. Ramazani,The Middle East and the European Common Market (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1964); R.S. Nigam,A Study of the European Common Market and its Impact on India’s Foreign Trade, (New Delhi: S. Chand, 1964); P.N.C. Okigbo,Africa and the Common Market (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1967). Nkrumah,The Times (London), July 3, 1961 p. 10 quoted in Sidney Dell,Trade Blocs and Common Markets (N.Y.: Knopf, 1963) p. 192. Among the extensive literature on economic integration see: Jacob Viner,The Customs Union Issue, New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1950); Bela Balassa,The Theory of Economic Integration (Homewood, Illinois: Irwin, 1964); R. G. Lipsey, “Theory of Economic Union: A General Survey, “Economic Journal, Vol. 74 (Sept., 1960), pp. 496–513; J.H. Gervers, “Vertical Integration of West Africa with Europe,”Nijerian Journal of Economics, Vol. 5 (March, 1963), pp. 65–75. “L’Evolution du Commerce de la C.E.E. avec. les Pays en voie de, Development de 1958 a 1967,”Marchés Tropicaux et Mediterannéens, (March 29, 1969), p. 870; and EEC.Foreign Trade Statistics (May 1971). UNCTAD,The Problems of Special Preferences (January 11, 1968 TD/16/Supp. 1), p. 14. EEC.Le Marché du Café, du Cacao et des Bananes dans les Pays de la CEE (Bruxelles, 1963), p. 37. UN,Commodity Trade Statistics, Series D, various issues. Pan American Coffee Bureau,Annual Coffee Statistics (New York) various issues. UNCTAD,Programmes for the Liberalization and Expansion of Trade in Commodities of Interest to Developing Countries (Dec. 22, 1967) TD/11 Supp. 1, p. 15. PACB,Annual Coffee Statistics 1964. EEC.,Les Echanges Commerciaux entre la CEE et les Etats Africains et Malgache Associes 1958–1966/67, (Bruxelle, 1969), Annex V, Table 1. “Bilan et Perspectives de la Convention de Yaounde,”Revue due Marche Commun, (Juillet–Aout 1967), p. 399. UNCTAD,The Problems of Special Preferences, op. cit. UNCTAD,Programmes for the Liberalization and Expansion of Trade in Commodities of Interest to Developing Countries (Dec. 22, 1967) TD/11 Supp. 1, pp. 22–24. Peter Robson, “Africa and EEC: A Quantitative Note on Trade Benefits,”Bulletin Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 27 (Nov., 1965), pp. 299–304. Stephen H. Goodman, “EEC: The Economics of Associate Membership,”Journal of Development Studies, (January 1969), pp. 140–141. Regarding the various UNCTAD proposals aimed at solving the trade problems of the developing countries see:Toward a Global Strategy of Development by the Secretary General of UNCTAD (january, 1968), TD/3/Rev. 1; ECA,Note on UNCTAD II and its Consequences for Africa (December 17, 1968), E/CN.14/437; For a critical evaluation of these proposals (commodity trade agreements, generalized preferences, compensatory financing, economic integration among developing countries) see: H.G. Johnson,Economic Policies Toward Less Developed Countries (N.Y.: Praeger, 1967) and G. M. Meier,The International Economics of Development (New York: Harper, 1968). Ann Seidman, “The Economics of Neo-Colonialism in West Africa,”Economic Bulletin of Ghana, Vol. 8 (No. 3, 1964), pp. 3–14; and James S. Magee, “What Role for E.C.A.? or Pan-Africanism Revisited,”Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 9 (No. 1, 1971) pp. 75–6. Jean-Michel Filori, “L’Elargissement de l’Association: CEE-Afrique,”Revue du Marche Commun (February, 1971), p. 133. Economist Intelligence Unit,Former French Tropical Africa (London, 1968), p. 6. “10 Years EDF”Common Market (June, 1968) p. 164. On this issue, see Albert O. Hirschman,The Strategy of Economic Development (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959). Hamani Diori, “Preoccupations & Desiderata of the AASM in Connection with the Renewal of the Yaounde Convention,”Bulletin of the European Communities (December, 1968), p. 28. Convention of Association, op. cit. Convention of Association between the EEC and the African and Malagasy States Associated with that Community and Annexed Documents (Bruxelles: EEC Commission, 1969) p. 4. EEC,Ninth General Report on the Activities of the Community (Brussels, June 1967), p. 261. “10 Years EDF”,op. cit. Ninth General Report on the Activities of the Community (Brussels, June 1967) p. 163. Dr. Hendus, “En Marge des Negociations pour le Renouvellement de la Convention de Yaounde,”Marches Tropicaux et Mediteranneens (April 5, 1969), p. 1024. EEC Statistical Office,Overseas Associates: Foreign Trade, various issues. The first Arusha Convention which was signed on July 26, 1968 never came into force. It was renewed in 1969 and like Yaounde II will expire in 1975. See “EEC-East Africa,”Africa Research Bulletin (May 15–June 14, 1968) p. 1043; “A New Beginning at Arusha,”Common Market (October, 1968), pp. 219–225; andAfrica Research Bulletin (June 16–July 14, 1969), p. 1407. Nigeria which has also negotiated a commercial arrangement with the EEC repudiated it in October 1968. A Statement which was then issued by the Ministry of Trade stated that the current war “has demonstrated the basic strength and independence of the Nigerian economy which could be jeopardized by neo-colonialist arrangements like association with the EEC now or in the future.”Africa Research Bulletin (Sept. 15–Oct. 14, 1968), p. 1154. Kwame Nkrumah,Africa Must Unite (N.Y.: International Publishers, 1970), p. 168. See also the excellent study by Green and Seidman,Unity or Poverty? The Economics of Pan-Africanism (Baltimore: Penguin, 1968). Nkrumah,op. cit., p. 187.