Advocating for the Use of Restorative Justice Practices: Examining the Overlap between Restorative Justice and Behavior Analysis
Tóm tắt
Broadly defined, restorative justice (RJ) is a set of procedures based in Indigenous peacemaking practices that reduces recidivism and guides the effective reparation of harm. RJ practices provide harm-affected parties an opportunity for engagement in the resolution process, which theoretically enhances community well-being. RJ practices overlap significantly with behavior-analytic principles. Implementing RJ practices from a context-focused, appetitive-based approach that focuses on classes of behaviors may address harmful behaviors within police organizations. RJ practices may also facilitate changes in contexts that support behaviors valued by the community. The current review discusses criminal and restorative justice, RJ processes and practices, the effectiveness of RJ in various contexts, how RJ overlaps with behavior-analytic principles and existing behavior science models in general, research suggestions, and recommendations for behavior analysts implementing RJ within police organizations and communities to address officer misconduct.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acosta, D., & Karp, D. (2018). Restorative justice as the Rx for mistreatment in academic medicine: Applications to consider for learners, faculty, and staff. Academic Medicine, 93(3), 354–356. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000002037.
Apel, A. B., & Diller, J. W. (2017). Prison as punishment: A behavior-analytic evaluation of incarceration. The Behavior Analyst, 40, 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-016-0081-6.
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2019). Introduction to forensic psychology: Research and application (5th ed.). Sage.
Bazemore, G., & Griffiths, C. (2003). Police reform, restorative justice and restorative policing. Police Practice and Research, 4(4), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260310001631244.
Bazemore, G., & Umbreit, M. (2001). A comparison of four restorative conferencing models. In U.S. Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (Ed.), OJJDP juvenile justice bulletin (pp. 1-21). U.S. Department of Justice.
Bergseth, K. J., & Bouffard, J. A. (2013). Examining the effectiveness of a restorative rustice program for various types of juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(9), 1054–1075. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12453551.
Biglan, A. (2015). The nurture effect: How the science of human behavior can improve our lives and our world. New Harbinger.
Bouffard, J., Cooper, M., & Bergseth, K. (2017). The effectiveness of various restorative justice interventions on recidivism outcomes among juvenile offenders. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 15(4), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204016647428.
Brubaker, D. R., & Zimmerman, R. H. (2009). The little book of healthy organizations: Tools for understanding and transforming your organization. Good Books.
Calder, T. (2019, October 6). Christopher Hickman’s controversial plea deal and what it means for Asheville. Mountain Express. https://mountainx.com/news/christopher-hickmans-controversial-plea-deal-and-what-it-means-for-asheville/
Calder, T. (2020, August 10). Controversial plea deal for former APD officer extended. Mountain Express. https://mountainx.com/news/controversial-plea-deal-for-former-apd-officer-extended/
Catania, A. C. (1998). Learning (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Centre for Justice & Reconciliation (2008). What is restorative justice? http://restorativejustice.org/am-site/media/what-is-restorative-justice.pdf
Chappell, A. T., & Piquero, A. R. (2004). Applying social learning theory to police misconduct. Deviant Behavior, 25(2), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620490251642.
Davis, F. E. (2019). The little book of race and restorative justice: Black lives, healing, and US social transformation. Good Books.
Dekker, S. W. A., & Breakey, H. (2016). 'Just culture:' Improving safety by achieving substantive, procedural and restorative justice. Safety Science, 85, 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.01.018.
Dixon, M. R., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2018). Core behavioral processes. In S. C. Hayes & S. G. Hofmann (Eds.), Process-based CBT: The science and core clinical competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy (pp. 101–117). Context Press.
Fixsen, D. L., & Blase, K. A. (2019). The teaching-family model: The first 50 years. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 42(2), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-018-0168-3.
Foxx, R. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1973). The elimination of autistic self-stimulatory behavior by overcorrection. Applied Behavior Analysis, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-1.
Gabbioneta, C., Faulconbridge, J., Currie, G., Dinovitzer, R., & Muzio, D. (2019). Inserting professionals and professional organizations in studies of wrongdoing: Nature, antecedents, and consequences of professional misconduct. Human Relations, 72(11), 1707–1725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718809400.
Gase, L. N., Glenn, B. A., Gomez, L. M., Kuo, T., Inkelas, M., & Ponce, N. A. (2016). Understanding racial and ethnic disparities in arrest: The role of individual, home, school, and community characteristics. Race and Social Problems, 8(4), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-016-9183-8.
Goodstein, J., & Aquino, K. (2010). And restorative justice for all: Redemption, forgiveness, and reintegration in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 624–628. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.632.
Grossen, N. E., Kostansek, D. J., & Bolles, R. C. (1969). Effects of appetitive discriminative stimuli on avoidance behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81(2), 340–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027780.
Grossi, P. K., & dos Santos, A. M. (2012). Bullying in Brazilian schools and restorative practices. Canadian Journal of Education, 35(1), 120–136 https://doi.org/jstor.org/stable/canajeducrevucan.35.1.120.
Guilaran, J., de Terte, I., Kaniasty, K., & Stephens, C. (2018). Psychological outcomes in disaster responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of social support. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 9(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0184-7.
Hagle, H. N., Martin, M., Winograd, R., Merlin, J., Finnell, D. S., Bratberg, J. P., Gordon, A. J., Johnson, C., Levy, S., MacLane-Baeder, D., Northrup, R., Weinstein, Z., & Lum, P. J. (2021). Dismantling racism against Black, Indigenous, and people of color across the substance use continuum: A position statement of the association for multidisciplinary education and research in substance use and addiction. Substance Abuse, 42(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2020.1867288
Hand, C. A., Hankes, J., & House, T. (2012). Restorative justice: The Indigenous justice system. Contemporary Justice Review, 15(4), 449–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2012.734576.
Hao, K. (2020, June 10). How to turn filming the police into the end of police brutality. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/10/1002913/how-to-end-police-brutality-filming-witnessing-legislation/
Hass-Wisecup, A. Y., & Saxon, C. E. (2018). Restorative Justice: Integrating theory, research, and practice. Carolina Academic Press, LLC.
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. B., & Follette, V. M. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152–1168. https://doi.org/10.1017/0022-006X.64.6.1152.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford Press.
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (Eds.). (2001). Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006.
Hayes, S. C., Monestes, J. L., & Wilson, D. S. (2018). Evolutionary principles for applied psychology. In S. C. Hayes & S. G. Hofmann (Eds.), Process-based CBT: The science and core clinical competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy (pp. 179–193). Context Press.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Hineline, P. N. (1966). Negative reinforcement as shock-frequency reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9(4), 421–430. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1966.9-421.
Higgins, S. T., Kurti, A. N., & Keith, D. R. (2018). Contingency management. In S. C. Hayes & S. G. Hofmann (Eds.), Process-based CBT: The science and core clinical competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy (pp. 197–209). Context Press.
Houmanfar, R. A., Alavosius, M. P., Morford, Z. H., Herbst, S. A., & Reimer, D. (2015). Functions of organizational leaders in cultural change: Financial and social well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 35(1–2), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2015.1035827.
Hughey, M. W. (2015). The five I’s of five-O: Racial ideologies, institutions, interests, identities, and interactions of police violence. Critical Sociology, 41(6), 857–871. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920515589724.
Interim Bias Incident Response Protocol Policy. (2016, March 14). http://www.stlcop.edu/safety/Interim%20BIR%20Policy.pdf
Jeffers, J. L. (2019). Justice is not blind: Disproportionate incarceration rate of people of color. Social Work in Public Health, 34(1), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2018.1562404.
Kandel, H. J., Alyllon, T., & Roberts, M. D. (1976). Rapid educational rehabilitation for prison inmates. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14(5), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(76)90019-X.
Karp, D. (2015). The little book of restorative sustice for colleges and universities: Repairing harm and rebuilding trust in response to student misconduct. Good Books.
Karp, D., Schackford-Bradley, J., Wilson, R., & Williamsen, K. (2016). Campus prism: A report on promoting restorative initiatives for sexual misconduct on college campuses. https://www.sandiego.edu/soles/documents/center-restorative-justice/Campus_PRISM__Report_2016.pdf
Kennedy, J. L. D., Tuliao, A. P., Flower, K. N., Tibbs, J. J., & McChargue, D. E. (2018). Long-term effectiveness of a brief restorative justice intervention. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X18779202.
Kuo, S. Y., Longmire, D., & Cuvelier, S. J. (2010). An empirical assessment of the process of restorative justice. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(3), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.03.006.
Latimer, J., Dowden, C., & Muise, D. (2005). The effectiveness of restorative justice practices: A meta-analysis. The Prison Journal, 85(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885505276969.
Longmont Community Justice Partnership. (n.d.). The 5 R’s of restorative practices. Longmont Community Justice Partnership. https://www.lcjp.org/5-rs
Marsh, C. (2019). Honoring the global Indigenous roots of restorative practices: Potential restorative approaches for child welfare. Center for the Study of Social Policy. https://cssp.org/2019/11/honoring-the-global-indigenous-roots-of-restorative-justice/
Martin, M. (Host). (2021). Police violence and reform: The inequality in restorative justice opportunities. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2021/04/17/988414716/police-violence-and-reform-the-inequality-in-restorative-justice-opportunities
Mattaini, M. A. (2001). Constructing cultures of non-violence: The PEACE POWER! strategy. Education and Treatment of Children, 24(4), 430–447. https://doi.org/jstor.stable/42900502.
Mattaini, M., & Holtschneider, C. (2017). Collective leadership and circles: Not invented here. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 37(2), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2017.1309334.
McDowell, M. G., & Fernandez, L. A. (2018). 'Disband, disempower, and disarm': Amplifying the theory and practice of police abolition. Critical Criminology, 26(3), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-018-9400-4.
McNeill, K. F., Friedman, B. D., & Chavez, C. (2016). Keep them so you can teach them: Alternatives to exclusionary discipline. International Public Health Journal, 8(2), 169–181.
Miller, K. L., Cruz, A. R., & Ala’i-Rosales, S. (2019). Inherent tensions and possibilities: Behavior analysis and cultural responsiveness. Behavior and Social Issues, 28(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42822-019-00013-y.
Murakawa, N. (2020). Police reform works—for the police. Level. https://level.medium.com/why-police-reform-is-actually-a-bailout-for-cops-ecf2dd7b8833
Nietzel, M. T., & Himelein, M. J. (1987). Crime prevention through social and physical environmental change. The Behavior Analyst, 10(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392408.
O’Neill, J., O’Neill, D. A., Weed, K., Hartman, M. E., Spence, W., & Lewinski, W. J. (2019). Police academy training, performance, and learning. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(2), 353–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00317-2.
Opie, T., & Roberts, L. M. (2017). Do Black lives really matter in the workplace? Restorative justice as a means to reclaim humanity. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion: An International Journal, 36(8), 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-07-2017-0149.
Petry, N. M., DePhilippis, D., Rash, C. J., Drapkin, M., & McKay, J. R. (2014). Nationwide dissemination of contingency management: The Veterans Administration initiative. American Journal of Addictions, 23(3), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12092.x.
Pritchett, M., Ala’i-Rosales, S., Cruz, A. R., & Cihon, T. M. (2021). Social justice is the spirit and aim of an applied science of human behavior: Moving from colonial to participatory research practices. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00591-7
Rosenbaum, D. P. (2016). Special issue on police integrity: An introduction. Policing: An International Journal, 39(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-03-2016-0039.
Rossner, M., & Bruce, J. (2016). Community participation in restorative justice: Rituals, reintegration, and quasi-professionalization. Victims & Offenders, 11(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2015.1125980.
Schotland, M., MacLean, H., Junker, K., & Phinney, J. (2016). From punitive to restorative: One school’s journey to transform its culture and discipline practices to reduce disparities. In R. Skiba, K. Mediratta, & M. Rausch (Eds.), Inequality in school discipline (pp. 225–242). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51257-4_13.
Sharpe, S. (1998). Restorative justice: A vision for healing and change. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Mediation and Restorative Justice Centre.
Sherman, L. W., Strang, H., Mayo-Wilson, E., Woods, D. J., & Ariel, B. (2015). Are restorative justice conferences effective in reducing repeat offending? Findings from a Campbell systematic review. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9222-9.
Sidman, M. (1989). Coercion and its fallout. Authors Cooperative.
Sidman, M. (2009). The measurement of behavioral development. In N. A. Krasnegor, D. B. Gray, & T. Thompson (Eds.), Advances in behavioral pharmacology (Vol. 5, pp. 43–52). Routledge.
Sidman, M., & Boren, J. J. (1957). A comparison of two types of warning stimulus in an avoidance situation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 50(3), 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046474.
Son, I. S., & Rome, D. M. (2004). The prevalence and visibility of police misconduct: A survey of citizens and police officers. Police Quarterly, 7(2), 179–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611102250705.
Title, B. B. (2011). Teaching peace: A restorative justice framework for strengthening relationships. Homestead Press.
Van Camp, T., & Wemmers, J. A. (2016). Victims’ reflections on the protective and proactive approaches to the offer of restorative justice: The importance of information. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 58(3), 415–442. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2015.E03.
Wagner, P., & Rabuy, B. (2017). Following the money of mass incarceration. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/factsheets/money2017.pdf
Walker, S. (1977). A critical history of police reform: The perils of professionalism. Lexington Books.
Weisburd, D., Greenspan, R., Hamilton, E. E., Bryant, K. A., & Williams, H. (2001). The abuse of police authority: A national study of police officers' attitudes. Police Foundation.
Wilson, D. B., Olaghere, A., & Kimbrell, C. S. (2017). Effectiveness of restorative justice principles in juvenile justice: A meta-analysis. National Criminal Justice Reference Service. https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/AbstractDB/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=273052
Wilson, K. G., & DuFrene, T. (2009). Mindfulness for two: An acceptance and commitment therapy approach to mindfulness in psychotherapy. New Harbinger.
Zehr, H. (2002). The little book of restorative justice. Good Books.
Zehr, H., & Mika, H. (1997). Fundamental concepts of restorative justice. Center for Restorative Justice and Peacemaking, School of Social Work, University of Minnesota.