Acute respiratory infection and its associated factors among children under-five years attending pediatrics ward at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: institution-based cross-sectional study
Tóm tắt
Acute respiratory infection is manifested by cough accompanied by short rapid breathing which may be associated with death especially when there are other co-morbidities. From an estimated 5.4 million children under –five years that died in 2017—roughly half of those deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and acute respiratory infection contributed to the highest number of deaths. The current study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, acute respiratory infection hospitalization in under-five years children hospitalized at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. An institution-based cross-sectional study was carried out from May 01/2019 to July 10/2019. After the selection of participants using simple random sampling, face to face interview was performed using a semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire. Data were also extracted from medical registration charts. We used EPI Info 7 for data entry and exported into SPSS 21 for analysis. Results were presented by simple frequency, percentage and mean for descriptive variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to test the association of covariates and outcome variable. Variables with a p < 0.2 during the bivariable binary logistic regression analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Variables with p < 0.05 were considered as significantly associated with acute respiratory infection. This study is reported following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. Four hundred and twenty-two under-five years’ children attending the Pediatrics ward were included in this study. The prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five years’ children in this study was 27.3%. Children aged below 12 months (AOR:3.39, 95% CI: 1.19, 9.65), maternal age of 16 to 27 years (AOR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.70), maternal age of 28 to 33 years (AOR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.40, 5.34), lack of maternal awareness of handwashing (AOR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.15, 6.76), rural residence (AOR:2.27, 95% CI: 1.18, 4.39), and lack of meningitis (AOR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.55), were significantly associated with acute respiratory infection. Acute respiratory infection was common among children under-five years. Child and maternal age, residence and maternal hand hygiene information were significant factors identified to be associated with an acute respiratory infection.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Johnson W, Abdulkarim A. Childhood pneumonia in developing countries. Afr J Respir Med. 2013;8:574–84.
Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1736–88.
Accinelli RA, Leon-Abarca JA, Gozal D. Ecological study on solid fuel use and pneumonia in young children: a worldwide association. Respirology. 2017;22(1):149–56.
Collaborators GCM. Erratum: Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (The Lancet (2016) 388 (10053)(1725–1774)(S0140673616315756)(10.1016/S0140-6736 (16) 31575-6)). Lancet. 2017;389(10064):e1.
Nair H, Simões EA, Rudan I, Gessner BD, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Zhang JSF, et al. Global and regional burden of hospital admissions for severe acute lower respiratory infections in young children in 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2013;381(9875):1380–90.
West T, Goetghebuer T, Milligan P, Mulholland EK, Weber M. Long-term morbidity and mortality following hypoxaemic lower respiratory tract infection in Gambian children. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(2):144.
United nations children’s fund (UNICEF). Pneumonia 2018. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/pneumonia/. [cited 2020 February, 19].
Selvaraj K, Chinnakali P, Majumdar A, Krishnan IS. Acute respiratory infections among under-5 children in India: A situational analysis. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014;5(1):15.
Seidu A-A, Dickson KS, Ahinkorah BO, Amu H, Darteh EKM, Kumi-Kyereme A. Prevalence and determinants of acute lower respiratory infections among children under-five years in sub–Saharan Africa: evidence from demographic and health surveys. SSM-Popul Health. 2019;8:100443.
Ethiopia Demographic. Health Survey 2016. Rockville: Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency and The DHS Program ICF; 2017.
Cardoso AM, Coimbra CE Jr, Werneck GL. Risk factors for hospital admission due to acute lower respiratory tract infection in Guarani indigenous children in southern Brazil: a population-based case-control study. Tropical Med Int Health. 2013;18(5):596–607.
Seidu A-A, Ameyaw EK, Ahinkorah BO, Baatiema L, Appiah F. Ecological zone and symptoms of acute respiratory infection among children under five in Ghana: 1993–2014. SSM-Popul Health. 2019;100414.
Gebretsadik A, Worku A, Berhane Y. Less than one-third of caretakers sought formal health care facilities for common childhood illnesses in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2011 Ethiopian demographic health survey. Int J Fam Med. 2015;2015.
Matu MN. Risk factors and cost of illness for acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age attending selected health facilities in Nakuru County. Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology; 2015.
Chalabi D. Acute respiratory infection and malnutrition among children below 5 years of age in Erbil governorate, Iraq. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterr Health J. 2013;19(1):66–70.
Al-Sharbatti SS, LI AJ. Infant feeding patterns and risk of acute respiratory infections in Baghdad/Iraq. Ital J Public Health. 2012;9(3).
Kumar SG, Majumdar A, Kumar V, Naik BN, Selvaraj K, Balajee K. Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in urban and rural areas of puducherry, India. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2015;6(1):3.
Prajapati B, Talsania N, Lala M, Sonalia K. A study of risk factors of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) of under five age group in urban and rural communities of Ahmedabad District. Gujarat Healthline. 2012;3(1):16–20.
Fienemika A, Ojule I, Best O. Prevalence of acute respiratory infections among children under-five years old in a hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: A two year follow-up study. J of Respir Med. 2018;2(1):1–6.
Gessner BD, Shindo N, Briand S. Seasonal influenza epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(3):223–35.
Hart CA, Cuevas LE. Acute respiratory infections in children. Rev Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil. 2007;7(1):23–9.
Dadi AF, Kebede Y, Birhanu Z. Determinants of pneumonia in children aged two months to five years in urban areas of Oromia zone, Amhara region. Ethiopia Open Access Lib J. 2014;1(08):1.
Amsalu ET, Akalu TY, Gelaye KA. Spatial distribution and determinants of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in Ethiopia: Ethiopian demographic health survey 2016. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0215572.
Alemayehu M, Alemu K, Sharma HR, Gizaw Z, Shibru A. Household fuel use and acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age in Gondar city of Ethiopia. J Environ Earth Sci. 2014;4(7):77–85.
Desalegn B, Suleiman H, Asfaw A. Household fuel use and acute respiratory infections among younger children: an exposure assessment in Shebedino Wereda, southern Ethiopia. Afr J Health Sci. 2011;18(1–2):31–6.
Sanbata H, Asfaw A, Kumie A. Association of biomass fuel use with acute respiratory infections among under-five children in a slum urban of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1122.
University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Planning, monitoring and evaluation department report 2017.
Gedif G, Sisay Y, Alebel A, Belay YA. Level of job satisfaction and associated factors among health care professionals working at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):824.
Arifin WN. Introduction to sample size calculation. Educ Med J. 2013;5(2).
Barua A. Methods for decision-making in survey questionnaires based on Likert scale. J Asian Sci Res. 2013;3(1):35–8.
George D. SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon; 2011.
Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet. 2003;361(9376):2226–34.
Grellety E, Golden MH. Weight-for-height and mid-upper-arm circumference should be used independently to diagnose acute malnutrition: policy implications. BMC Nutr. 2016;2(1):10.
Savitha A, Gopalakrishnan S. Determinants of acute respiratory infections among under five children in a rural area of Tamil Nadu, India. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2018;7(6):1268.
Tazinya AA, Halle-Ekane GE, Mbuagbaw LT, Abanda M, Atashili J, Obama MT. Risk factors for acute respiratory infections in children under five years attending the Bamenda regional Hospital in Cameroon. BMC Pulmon Med. 2018;18(1):7.
Solomon O, Odu O, Amu E, Solomon O, Bamidele J, Emmanuel E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of acute respiratory infection among under fives in rural communities of Ekiti state Nigeria. Global J Med Public Health. 2018;7(1):12.
角井, 信弘. The prevalence of acute respiratory infections and the associated risk factors: a study of children under five years of age in Kibera Lindi village, Nairobi, Kenya. J Natl Inst Public Health. 2002;51:1.
Rahman M, Shahidullah M. Risk factors for acute respiratory infections among the slum infants of Dhaka city. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2001;27(2):55–62.
Harerimana J-M, Nyirazinyoye L, Thomson DR, Ntaganira J. Social, economic and environmental risk factors for acute lower respiratory infections among children under five years of age in Rwanda. Arch Public Health. 2016;74(1):19.
Amugsi DA, Aborigo RA, Oduro AR, Asoala V, Awine T, Amenga-Etego L. Socio-demographic and environmental determinants of infectious disease morbidity in children under 5 years in Ghana. Glob Health Action. 2015;8(1):29349.
César JA, Victora CG, Santos IS, Barros FC, Albernaz EP, Oliveira LM, et al. Hospitalização por pneumonia: influência de fatores socioeconômicos e gestacionais em uma coorte de crianças no Sul do Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 1997;31(1):53–61.
Victora CG, Fuchs SC, Flores JAC, Fonseca W, Kirkwood B. Risk factors for pneumonia among children in a Brazilian metropolitan area. Pediatrics. 1994;93(6):977–85.
Prietsch SO, Fischer GB, César JA, Lempek BS, Barbosa LV Jr, Zogbi L, et al. Acute lower respiratory illness in under-five children in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors. Cadernos de saude publica. 2008;24:1429–38.
Sultana M, Sarker AR, Sheikh N, Akram R, Ali N, Mahumud RA, et al. Prevalence, determinants and health care-seeking behavior of childhood acute respiratory tract infections in Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210433.
Rehman M, Ishaq M. Prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and its risk factors in under five children in urban and rural areas of Matta, district swat. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;73:230.
Sk R, Rasooly MH, Barua S. Do fuel type and place of cooking matter for acute respiratory infection among afghan children? Evidence from the Afghanistan DHS. J Biosoc Sci. 2015;2019:1–14.
Kilabuko J, Nakai S. Effects of cooking fuels on acute respiratory infections in children in Tanzania. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2007;4(4):283–8.
Sharma D, Kuppusamy K, Bhoorasamy A. Prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ari) and their determinants in under five children in urban and rural areas of Kancheepuram district, South India. Ann Trop Med Public Health. 2013;6(5):513.
Pinzón-Rondón ÁM, Aguilera-Otalvaro P, Zárate-Ardila C, Hoyos-Martínez A. Acute respiratory infection in children from developing nations: a multi-level study. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2016;36:1–7.
Opatowski L, Varon E, Dupont C, Temime L, van der Werf S, Gutmann L, et al. Assessing pneumococcal meningitis association with viral respiratory infections and antibiotics: insights from statistical and mathematical models. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2013;280(1764):20130519.
Murdoch DR, Jennings LC. Association of respiratory virus activity and environmental factors with the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. J Infect. 2009;58(1):37–46.
Kim PE, Musher DM, Glezen WP, Barradas MCR, Nahm WK, Wright CE. Association of invasive pneumococcal disease with season, atmospheric conditions, air pollution, and the isolation of respiratory viruses. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22(1):100–6.
Jansen AG, Sanders EA, van der Ende A, van Loon AM, Hoes AW, Hak E. Invasive pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: association with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus activity? Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136(11):1448–54.
Watson M, Gilmour R, Menzies R, Ferson M, McIntyre P, Network NSWP. The association of respiratory viruses, temperature, and other climatic parameters with the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in Sydney, Australia. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(2):211–5.
Krasinski K, Nelson JD, Butler S, Luby JP, Kusmiesz H. Possible association of mycoplasma and viral respiratory infections with bacterial meningitis. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;125(3):499–508.
Hovi T, Ollgren J, Savolainen-Kopra C. Intensified hand-hygiene campaign including soap-and-water wash may prevent acute infections in office workers, as shown by a recognized-exposure-adjusted analysis of a randomized trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):47.
Little P, Stuart B, Hobbs F, Moore M, Barnett J, Popoola D, et al. An internet-delivered handwashing intervention to modify influenza-like illness and respiratory infection transmission (PRIMIT): a primary care randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;386(10004):1631–9.
Kim HS, Ko RE, Ji M, Lee J-H, Lee C-S, Lee H. The usefulness of hand washing during field training to prevent acute respiratory illness in a military training facility. Medicine. 2018;97(30).
Merk H, Kühlmann-Berenzon S, Linde A, Nyrén O. Associations of hand-washing frequency with incidence of acute respiratory tract infection and influenza-like illness in adults: a population-based study in Sweden. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):509.