Acute associations between heatwaves and preterm and early-term birth in 50 US metropolitan areas: a matched case-control study
Tóm tắt
The effect of heatwaves on adverse birth outcomes is not well understood and may vary by how heatwaves are defined. The study aims to examine acute associations between various heatwave definitions and preterm and early-term birth. Using national vital records from 50 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) between 1982 and 1988, singleton preterm (< 37 weeks) and early-term births (37–38 weeks) were matched (1:1) to controls who completed at least 37 weeks or 39 weeks of gestation, respectively. Matching variables were MSA, maternal race, and maternal education. Sixty heatwave definitions including binary indicators for exposure to sustained heat, number of high heat days, and measures of heat intensity (the average degrees over the threshold in the past 7 days) based on the 97.5th percentile of MSA-specific temperature metrics, or the 85th percentile of positive excessive heat factor (EHF) were created. Odds ratios (OR) for heatwave exposures in the week preceding birth (or corresponding gestational week for controls) were estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusting for maternal age, marital status, and seasonality. Effect modification by maternal education, age, race/ethnicity, child sex, and region was assessed. There were 615,329 preterm and 1,005,576 early-term case-control pairs in the analyses. For most definitions, exposure to heatwaves in the week before delivery was consistently associated with increased odds of early-term birth. Exposure to more high heat days and more degrees above the threshold yielded higher magnitude ORs. For exposure to 3 or more days over the 97.5th percentile of mean temperature in the past week compared to zero days, the OR was 1.027 for early-term birth (95%CI: 1.014, 1.039). Although we generally found null associations when assessing various heatwave definitions and preterm birth, ORs for both preterm and early-term birth were greater in magnitude among Hispanic and non-Hispanic black mothers. Although associations varied across metrics and heatwave definitions, heatwaves were more consistently associated with early-term birth than with preterm birth. This study’s findings may have implications for prevention programs targeting vulnerable subgroups as climate change progresses.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371(9606):75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4.
Beck S, Wojdyla D, Say L, Betran AP, Merialdi M, Requejo JH, et al. The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(1):31–8. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.062554.
Colvin M, McGuire W, Fowlie PW. Neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth. BMJ. 2004;329(7479):1390–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7479.1390.
O’Keeffe MJ, O’Callaghan M, Williams GM, Najman JM, Bor W. Learning, cognitive, and attentional problems in adolescents born small for gestational age. Pediatrics. 2003;112(2):301–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.2.301.
Spong CY. Defining “term” pregnancy: recommendations from the defining “term” pregnancy workgroup. JAMA. 2013;309(23):2445–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.6235.
Stewart DL, Barfield WD. Updates on an at-risk population: late-preterm and early-term infants. Pediatrics. 2019;144(5):e20192760.
National Center for Health Statistics. Detail Natality, 1982-1988. Public-use data file and documentation. National Center for Health Statistics. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/vitalstatsonline.htm. [cited 2018 Sep 27].
Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJ, Driscoll AK. Births: final data for 2018; 2019.
Basu R, Malig B, Ostro B. High ambient temperature and the risk of preterm delivery. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(10):1108–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq170.
Carolan-Olah M, Frankowska D. High environmental temperature and preterm birth: a review of the evidence. Midwifery. 2014;30(1):50–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.01.011.
Cox B, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Gasparrini A, Roels HA, Martens E, Vangronsveld J, et al. Ambient temperature as a trigger of preterm delivery in a temperate climate. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70(12):1191–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206384.
Giorgis-Allemand L, Pedersen M, Bernard C, Aguilera I, Beelen RMJ, Chatzi L, et al. The influence of meteorological factors and atmospheric pollutants on the risk of preterm birth. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(4):247–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww141.
Ha S, Liu D, Zhu Y, Kim SS, Sherman S, Mendola P. Ambient temperature and early delivery of singleton pregnancies. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(3):453–9. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP97.
He J-R, Liu Y, Xia X-Y, Ma W-J, Lin H-L, Kan H-D, et al. Ambient temperature and the risk of preterm birth in Guangzhou, China (2001–2011). Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(7):1100–6. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509778.
Kloog I, Melly SJ, Coull BA, Nordio F, Schwartz JD. Using satellite-based spatiotemporal resolved air temperature exposure to study the association between ambient air temperature and birth outcomes in Massachusetts. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(10):1053–8. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308075.
Schifano P, Lallo A, Asta F, De Sario M, Davoli M, Michelozzi P. Effect of ambient temperature and air pollutants on the risk of preterm birth, Rome 2001–2010. Environ Int. 2013;61:77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.005.
Dadvand P, Basagana X, Sartini C, Figueras F, Vrijheid M, De Nazelle A, et al. Climate extremes and the length of gestation. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(10):1449–53. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003241.
Ward A, Clark J, McLeod J, Woodul R, Moser H, Konrad C. The impact of heat exposure on reduced gestational age in pregnant women in North Carolina, 2011–2015. Int J Biometeorol. 2019;63(12):1611–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01773-3.
Ilango S, Weaver M, Benmarhnia T. Extreme heat episodes, wildfires, and risk of preterm delivery in California, 2005-2013. Environ Epidemiol. 2019;3:173–4.
Kent ST, McClure LA, Zaitchik BF, Smith TT, Gohlke JM. Heat waves and health outcomes in Alabama (USA): the importance of heat wave definition. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;122(2):151–8. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307262.
Wang J, Williams G, Guo Y, Pan X, Tong S. Maternal exposure to heatwave and preterm birth in Brisbane, Australia. BJOG. 2013;120(13):1631–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12397.
Wang Q, Li B, Benmarhnia T, Hajat S, Ren M, Liu T, et al. Independent and combined effects of heatwaves and PM2.5 on preterm birth in Guangzhou, China: a survival analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(1):017006.
Chen K, Wolf K, Hampel R, Stafoggia M, Breitner S, Cyrys J, et al. Does temperature-confounding control influence the modifying effect of air temperature in ozone–mortality associations? Environ Epidemiol. 2018;2(1):e008. https://doi.org/10.1097/EE9.0000000000000008.
Anderson GB, Bell ML. Heat waves in the United States: mortality risk during heat waves and effect modification by heat wave characteristics in 43 US communities. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;119(2):210–8. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002313.
Nairn JR, Fawcett RG. Defining heatwaves: heatwave defined as a heat-impact event servicing all community and business sectors in Australia. Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research; 2013.
Borg M, Nitschke M, Williams S, McDonald S, Nairn J, Bi P. Using the excess heat factor to indicate heatwave-related urinary disease: a case study in Adelaide. South Australia Int J Biometeorol. 2019;63(4):435–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01674-5.
Scalley BD, Spicer T, Jian L, Xiao J, Nairn J, Robertson A, et al. Responding to heatwave intensity: excess heat factor is a superior predictor of health service utilisation and a trigger for heatwave plans. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2015;39(6):582–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12421.
Varghese BM, Hansen A, Nitschke M, Nairn J, Hanson-Easey S, Bi P, et al. Heatwave and work-related injuries and illnesses in Adelaide, Australia: a case-crossover analysis using the excess heat factor (EHF) as a universal heatwave index. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019;92(2):263–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1376-6.
Oke TR. The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Q J R Meteorol Soc. 1982;108(455):1–24.
Kalkstein LS, Valimont KM. An evaluation of summer discomfort in the United States using a relative climatological index. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 1986;67(7):842–8. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<0842:AEOSDI>2.0.CO;2.
Basu R, Hong C, Li D-K, Avalos LA. The impact of maternal factors on the association between temperature and preterm delivery. Environ Res. 2017;154:109–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.017.
Lajinian S, Hudson S, Applewhite L, Feldman J, Minkoff HL. An association between the heat-humidity index and preterm labor and delivery: a preliminary analysis. Am J Public Health. 1997;87(7):1205–7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.7.1205.
Strand LB, Barnett AG, Tong S. Methodological challenges when estimating the effects of season and seasonal exposures on birth outcomes. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11(1):49. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-49.
Thornton PE, Thornton MM, Mayer BW, Wilhelmi N, Wei Y, Devarakonda R, et al. Daymet: daily surface weather data on a 1-km grid for North America, Version 3. Oak Ridge National Lab.(ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); 2016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1328
Hardy B. ITS-90 formulations for vapor pressure, frost point temperature, dewpoint temperature, and enhancement factors in the range–100 to+ 100 C. The Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Humidity & Moisture, April 1998. Teddington; 1998. p. 1–8.
Sonntag D. Important new values of the physical constants of 1986, vapour pressure formulations based on the ITS-90, and psychrometer formulae. Z Für Meteorol. 1990;40(5):340–4.
Robinson PJ. On the definition of a heat wave. J Appl Meteorol. 2001;40(4):762–75. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0762:OTDOAH>2.0.CO;2.
Peng RD, Bobb JF, Tebaldi C, McDaniel L, Bell ML, Dominici F. Toward a quantitative estimate of future heat wave mortality under global climate change. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;119(5):701–6. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002430.
Tong S, Wang XY, Barnett AG. Assessment of heat-related health impacts in Brisbane, Australia: comparison of different heatwave definitions. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12155. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012155.
Xu Z, FitzGerald G, Guo Y, Jalaludin B, Tong S. Impact of heatwave on mortality under different heatwave definitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2016;89:193–203.
Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Chapter 8: case-control studies. In: Modern Epidemiology. Third edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. p. 125.
Avalos LA, Chen H, Li D-K, Basu R. The impact of high apparent temperature on spontaneous preterm delivery: a case-crossover study. Environ Health. 2017;16(1):5.
Auger N, Naimi AI, Smargiassi A, Lo E, Kosatsky T. Extreme heat and risk of early delivery among preterm and term pregnancies. Epidemiology. 2014;25(3):344–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000074.
Khamis Y, Shaala S, Damarawy H, Romia A, Toppozada M. Effect of heat on uterine contractions during normal labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1983;21(6):491–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(83)90041-3.
Vähä-Eskeli K, Erkkola R. The effect of short-term heat stress on uterine contractility, fetal heart rate and fetal movements at late pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991;38(1):9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243(91)90200-5.
Stan CM, Boulvain M, Pfister R, Hirsbrunner-Almagbaly P. Hydration for treatment of preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:CD003096.
Chersich MF, Pham MD, Areal A, Haghighi MM, Manyuchi A, Swift CP, et al. Associations between high temperatures in pregnancy and risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirths: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;371:m3811.
Smith ML, Hardeman RR. Association of summer heat waves and the probability of preterm birth in Minnesota: an exploration of the intersection of race and education. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176391.
U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census. American Housing Survey for the United States in 1985. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census; 1988.
Asta F, Michelozzi P, Cesaroni G, De Sario M, Badaloni C, Davoli M, et al. The modifying role of socioeconomic position and greenness on the short-term effect of heat and air pollution on preterm births in Rome, 2001–2013. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(14):2497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142497.
Markevych I, Schoierer J, Hartig T, Chudnovsky A, Hystad P, Dzhambov AM, et al. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ Res. 2017;158:301–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.028.
Jesdale BM, Morello-Frosch R, Cushing L. The racial/ethnic distribution of heat risk–related land cover in relation to residential segregation. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(7):811–7. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205919.
Sun S, Weinberger KR, Spangler KR, Eliot MN, Braun JM, Wellenius GA. Ambient temperature and preterm birth: a retrospective study of 32 million US singleton births. Environ Int. 2019;126:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.023.
Coris EE, Ramirez AM, Van Durme DJ. Heat illness in athletes. Sports Med. 2004;34(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434010-00002.
Perry AG, Korenberg MJ, Hall GG, Moore KM. Modeling and syndromic surveillance for estimating weather-induced heat-related illness. J Environ Public Health. 2011;2011:1:10.
Armstrong B, Sera F, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Abrutzky R, Åström DO, Bell ML, et al. The role of humidity in associations of high temperature with mortality: a multicountry, multicity study. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127(9):097007. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5430.
Walfisch A, Kabakov E, Friger M, Sheiner E. Trends, seasonality and effect of ambient temperature on preterm delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(20):2483–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1253063.