Hiệu Quả Đạt Được của Trường Tiểu Học Không Phân Lớp: Một Tổng Hợp Chứng Cứ Tốt Nhất

Review of Educational Research - Tập 62 Số 4 - Trang 333-376 - 1992
Roberto Gutiérrez1, Robert E. Slavin1
1Johns Hopkins University

Tóm tắt

Một chương trình tiểu học không phân lớp là chương trình trong đó trẻ em được nhóm một cách linh hoạt theo mức độ hiệu suất, không dựa trên độ tuổi, và tiến bộ qua trường tiểu học theo tốc độ của riêng mình. Phổ biến vào những năm 1950, 1960, và đầu những năm 1970, kế hoạch không phân lớp đang quay trở lại ngày nay. Bài báo này xem xét lại nghiên cứu về những ảnh hưởng đối với thành tựu của tổ chức không phân lớp. Kết quả chỉ ra ảnh hưởng tích cực một cách nhất quán đối với thành tựu từ các dạng đơn giản của không phân lớp được phát triển sớm, chẳng hạn như nhóm chéo lớp cho một môn học (ES trung bình = + .46) và nhóm chéo lớp cho nhiều môn học (ES trung bình = + .34). Các dạng không phân lớp sử dụng cá nhân hóa rộng rãi ít thành công hơn (ES trung bình = + .02). Các nghiên cứu về Giáo Dục Hướng Dẫn Cá Nhân (IGE), sử dụng không phân lớp và cá nhân hóa, cũng có kết quả không nhất quán (ES trung bình = + .11). Bài báo kết luận rằng tổ chức không phân lớp có thể có tác động tích cực đến thành tích của học sinh nếu sử dụng nhóm chéo độ tuổi để cho phép giáo viên cung cấp hướng dẫn trực tiếp hơn cho học sinh, nhưng không phải nếu nó được sử dụng như một khuôn khổ cho việc giảng dạy cá nhân hóa.

Từ khóa

#trường tiểu học không phân lớp #nhóm chéo lớp #cá nhân hóa #hướng dẫn trực tiếp #thành tích học sinh

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aigner BW, 1961, A statistical analysis of achievement differences of children in a nongraded primary program and traditional classrooms

Allington RL, 1992, ERS Spectrum, 10, 3

10.3102/00346543053002143

Barr R, 1990, Thirty-ninth yearbook of the National Reading Conference, 19

Biernacki GJ, 1976, An evaluation of an IGE/MUS-E inner-city elementary school based on selected criteria

Bockrath SMB, 1958, An evaluation of the ungraded primary as an organizational device for improving learning in Saint Louis Archdiocesan Schools

Bowman BL, 1971, A comparison of pupil achievement and attitude in a graded school with pupil achievement and attitude in a nongraded school 1968–69

Bradford EF, 1972, A comparison of two methods of teaching in the elementary school as related to achievement in reading, mathematics, and self-concept of children

Brody EB, 1970, Elementary School Journal, 70, 391, 10.1086/460598

Brophy JE, 1986, Handbook of research on teaching, 3, 328

Buffie EGW, 1962, A comparison of mental health and academic achievement: The nongraded school vs. the graded school

Burchyett JA, 1972, A comparison of the effects of non-graded, multi-age, team-teaching vs. the modified self-contained classroom at the elementary school level

Burtley N, 1974, A comparison of teacher characteristics and student achievement in individually guided education (IGE) and traditional inner city elementary schools

Carbone RF, 1961, Elementary School Journal, 61, 82, 10.1086/459939

Case DA, 1970, A comparative study of fifth graders in a new middle school with fifth graders in elementary self-contained classrooms

Chalfant LS, 1972, A three year comparative study between students in a graded and nongraded secondary school

Chastain CS, 1961, An experimental study of the gains in achievement in arithmetic and reading made by the pupils in the intermediate grades in the Rangely, Colorado, Elementary School platoons who were instructed in traditional classrooms, in achievement and in non-graded classrooms

Enevoldsen CL, 1961, An evaluation of the ungraded primary program in selected schools in the Lincoln, Nebraska, Public School system

Engel BM, 1971, The Journal of Experimental Education, 40, 24, 10.1080/00220973.1971.11011312

Flowers JR, 1977, A comparative study of students in open space individually guided education (IGE) and traditional schools

Floyd C, 1954, Elementary School Journal, 55, 99, 10.1086/458653

10.3102/00346543052004579

Givens H, 1972, A comparative study of achievement and attitudinal characteristics of black and white intermediate pupils in individualized, multigrade and self-contained instructional programs

Glass GV, 1981, Meta-analysis in social research

Goodlad JI, 1959, The nongraded elementary school

GoodladJIAndersonRHThe nongraded elementary school1963rev. edNew YorkHarcourt, Brace, & World

Goodlad JI, 1987, The nongraded elementary school

Guarino AR, 1982, An investigation of achievement, self-concept, and school related anxiety in graded and nongraded elementary schools

Gumpper DC, 1971, Nongraded elementary education: individualized learning-teacher leadership-student responsibility

Halliwell JW, 1963, The Journal of Experimental Education, 32, 59, 10.1080/00220973.1963.11010808

Hart RH, 1962, The Arithmetic Teacher, 9, 130, 10.5951/AT.9.3.0130

Heathers G, 1967, Organizing schools through the dual progress plan

Henn DC, 1974, A comparative analysis of language arts and mathematics achievement in selected IGE/MUS-E and non-IGE/MUS-E programs in Ohio

Herrington AF, 1973, Perceived attitudes and academic achievement of reported graded and nongraded sixth-year students

Hickey SMP, 1962, An analysis and evaluation of the ungraded primary program in the diocese of Pittsburgh

Higgins JJ, 1980, A comparative study between the reading achievement levels of students in a combination/ungraded class and students in a graded class

10.3102/00028312002004207

Horak VM, 1981, Journal of Educational Research, 74, 249, 10.1080/00220671.1981.10885318

Ingram V, 1960, Elementary School Journal, 61, 76, 10.1086/459860

Jacquette FC, 1959, A five year study to determine the effects of the ungraded classroom organization on reading achievement in Grand Junction, Colorado

Jeffreys JS, 1970, An investigation of the effects of innovative educational practices on pupil-centeredness of observed behaviors and on learner outcome variables

Jones JC, 1967, The Journal of Educational Research, 61, 75, 10.1080/00220671.1967.10883590

Karweit NL, Preventing early school failure: Research on effective strategies

Katz LG, 1991, The case for mixed-aged grouping in early childhood education

Kierstead R, 1963, The Journal of Educational Research, 56, 317, 10.1080/00220671.1963.10882945

Killough CK, 1971, An analysis of the longitudinal effects that a nongraded elementary program, conducted in an open-space school, had on the cognitive achievement of pupils

Klaus WD, 1981, A comparison of student achievement in individually guided education programs and non-individually guided education elementary school programs

Klausmeier HJ, 1971, Individually guided education and the multiunit elementary school: Guidelines for implementation

Klausmeier HJ, 1977, Individually Guided Elementary Education: Concepts and Practices

Kuhlman CL, 1985, A study of the relationship between organizational characteristics of elementary schools, student characteristics, and elementary competency test results

Lair DP, 1975, The effects of graded and nongraded schools on student growth

Lawson RE, 1973, A comparison of the development of self-concept and achievement in reading of students in the first, third, and fifth year of attendance

Levine DU, 1986, Metropolitan Education, 3, 92

Machiele RB, 1965, Illinois School Research, 1, 20

Maresh RT, 1971, An analysis of the effects of vertical grade groups on reading achievement and attitudes in elementary schools

McLoughlin WP, 1967, The nongraded school: A critical assessment

McLoughlin WP, 1970, Elementary School Journal, 71, 90, 10.1086/460618

McPartland JM, 1987, School structures and classroom practices in elementary, middle, and secondary schools

Miller RL, 1976, The Mathematics Teacher, 69, 345, 10.5951/MT.69.5.0345

Moore DI, 1963, Pupil achievement and grouping practices in graded and ungraded primary schools

Morris VR, 1968, An evaluation of pupil achievement in a nongraded primary plan after three, and also five years of instruction

Muck RES, 1966, The effect of classroom organization on academic achievement in graded and nongraded classes

Mycock MA, 1966, A comparison of vertical grouping and horizontal grouping in the infant school

National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1989, Appropriate education in the primary grades

Otto HJ, 1969, Nongradedness: An elementary school evaluation

Pavan BN, 1972, Moving elementary schools toward nongradedness: Commitment, assessment, and tactics

Pavan BN, 1973, Elementary School Journal, 73, 333, 10.1086/460775

Pavan BN, 1977, Texas Tech Journal of Education, 4, 91

Pavan BN, Educational Leadership

Perrin JD, 1969, A statistical and time change analysis of achievement differences of children in a nongraded and a graded program in selected schools in the Little Rock Public Schools

Price DA, 1977, The effects of individually guided education (IGE) processes on achievement and attitudes of elementary school students

Ramayya DP, 1972, Achievement skills, personality variables, and classroom climate in graded and nongraded elementary schools, 10.1002/1520-6807(197201)9:1<88::AID-PITS2310090120>3.0.CO;2-K

Reichardt CS, 1979, Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings, 147

Reid BC, 1973, A comparative analysis of a nongraded and graded primary program

Remacle LF, 1970, A comparative study of the differences in attitudes, self-concept, and achievement of children in graded and nongraded elementary schools

Ross GA, 1967, A comparative study of pupil progress in ungraded and graded primary programs

Rothrock D, 1982, Educational Leadership, 39, 528

Schneiderhan RM, 1973, A comparison of an individually guided education (IGE) program, an individually guided instruction (IGI) program, and a traditional elementary educational program at the intermediate level

Shepard LA, 1989, Flunking grades: Research and policies on retention

Sie MS, 1969, Pupil achievement in an experimental nongraded elementary school

Skapski MK, 1960, Elementary School Journal, 61, 41, 10.1086/459853

10.3102/0013189X015009005

10.3102/00346543057003293

10.3102/00346543060003471

10.3102/01623737013004369

Snake River School District, 1972, Curriculum change through nongraded individualization

Soumokil PO, 1977, Comparison of cognitive and affective dimensions of individually guided education (IGE) and standard elementary school programs

Vogel FS, 1972, The Journal of Experimental Education, 41, 78, 10.1080/00220973.1972.11011398

Walker WE, 1973, Long-term effects of graded and nongraded primary programs

Ward DN, 1969, An evaluation of a nongraded school program in grades one and two

Williams W, 1966, Elementary School Journal, 66, 135, 10.1086/460349

Willis S, 1991, ASCD Update, 33, 1

Wilt HJ, 1970, A comparison of student attitudes toward school, academic achievement, internal structures and procedures: The nongraded school vs. the graded school

Zerby JR, 1960, A comparison of academic achievement and social adjustment of primary school children in the graded and nongraded school programs