A role for the androgen receptor in the endometrial antiproliferative effects of progesterone antagonists

Chwalisz, 2000, Antiproliferative effects of progesterone antagonists and progesterone receptor modulators (PRMs) on the endometrium, Steroids, 65, 741, 10.1016/S0039-128X(00)00190-2 Philibert D. RU 38486: an original multifaceted antihormone in vivo. In: Agarwal MK, editor. Adrenal steroid antagonism. New York, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 1984. p. 77–101. Cadepond, 1997, RU486 (mifepristone): mechanisms of action and clinical uses, Annu. Rev. Med., 48, 129, 10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.129 Baird, 2003, Effect of long-term treatment with low-dose mifepristone on the endometrium, Hum. Reprod., 18, 61, 10.1093/humrep/deg022 Wolf, 1989, Noncompetitive antiestrogenic effect of RU 486 in blocking the estrogen-stimulated luteinizing hormone surge and the proliferative action of estradiol on endometrium in castrate monkeys, Fertil. Steril., 52, 1055, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)53174-4 Slayden, 1994, RU 486 action after estrogen priming in the endometrium and oviducts of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 78, 440, 10.1210/jc.78.2.440 Slayden, 1998, Chronic treatment of cycling rhesus monkeys with low doses of the antiprogestin ZK 137 316: morphometric assessment of the uterus and oviduct, Hum. Reprod., 13, 269, 10.1093/humrep/13.2.269 Slayden, 2001, Reversible suppression of menstruation with progesterone antagonists in rhesus macaques, Hum. Reprod., 16, 1562, 10.1093/humrep/16.8.1562 Grow, 1998, Chronic antiprogestin therapy produces a stable atrophic endometrium with decreased fibroblast growth factor: a 1-year primate study on contraception and amenorrhea, Fertil. Steril., 69, 936, 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00029-6 Cameron, 1996, Effects of daily low dose mifepristone on endometrial maturation and proliferation, Hum. Reprod., 11, 2518, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019151 Bardon, 1987, Steroid receptor-mediated cytotoxicity of an antiestrogen and an antiprogestin in breast cancer cells, Cancer Res., 47, 1441 Murphy, 2000, RU486-induced growth inhibition of human endometrial cells, Fertil. Steril., 74, 1014, 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01606-X Han, 2003, RU486-induced growth inhibition of human endometrial cells involves the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88, 713, 10.1210/jc.2002-020876 Chwalisz, 1998, Modulation of oestrogenic effects by progesterone antagonists in the rat uterus, Hum. Reprod. Update, 4, 570, 10.1093/humupd/4.5.570 Grody, 1953, Estrogen–androgen substitution therapy in the aged female, Obstet. Gynecol., 2, 36 Okon, 1998, Serum androgen levels in women who have recurrent miscarriages and their correlation with markers of endometrial function, Fertil. Steril., 69, 682, 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00007-7 Rose, 1988, The inhibitory effects of danazol, danazol metabolites, gestrinone, and testosterone on the growth of human endometrial cells in vitro, Fertil. Steril., 49, 224, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59706-4 Tuckerman, 2000, Do androgens have a direct effect on endometrial function? An in vitro study, Fertil. Steril., 74, 771, 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00711-1 Critchley, 1998, Morphological and functional changes in human endometrium following intrauterine levonorgestrel delivery, Hum. Reprod., 13, 1218, 10.1093/humrep/13.5.1218 Slayden, 2001, Progesterone antagonists increase androgen receptor expression in the rhesus macaque and human endometrium, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 2668, 10.1210/jc.86.6.2668 Slayden, 2003, Flutamide counteracts the antiproliferative effects of antiprogestins in the primate endometrium, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88, 946, 10.1210/jc.2002-021763 Critchley, 2001, Estrogen receptor beta, but not estrogen receptor alpha, is present in the vascular endothelium of the human and nonhuman primate endometrium, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 1370, 10.1210/jc.86.3.1370 Batista, 1992, Delayed endometrial maturation induced by daily administration of the antiprogestin RU 486: a potential new contraceptive strategy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 167, 60, 10.1016/S0002-9378(11)91627-5 Cameron, 1997, Effect of two antiprogestins (mifpristone and onapristone) on endometrial factors of potential importance for implantation, Fertil. Steril., 67, 1046, 10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81437-9 Slayden, 1993, Estrogen action in the reproductive tract of rhesus monkeys during antiprogestin treatment, Endocrinology, 132, 1845, 10.1210/en.132.4.1845 Petersen RG. Design and analysis of experiments. 66 ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1985. Cooke, 1997, Stromal estrogen receptors mediate mitogenic effects of estradiol on uterine epithelium, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, 6535, 10.1073/pnas.94.12.6535 McClellan, 1990, Estrogen receptors, progestin receptors and DNA synthesis in the macaque endometrium during the luteal–follicular transition, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 37, 631, 10.1016/0960-0760(90)90345-L Ikonen, 1994, Stimulation of androgen-regulated transaction by modulators of protein phosphorylation, Endocrinology, 135, 1359, 10.1210/en.135.4.1359 Apparao, 2002, Elevated endometrial androgen receptor expression in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, Biol. Reprod., 66, 297, 10.1095/biolreprod66.2.297 Ajossa, 2002, The antiandrogenic effect of flutamide improves uterine perfusion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Fertil. Steril., 77, 1136, 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03101-1 de Ziegler, 1991, Vascular resistance of uterine arteries: physiological effects of estradiol and progesterone, Fertil. Steril., 55, 775, 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54247-2 Reinsch, 1994, The effects of RU 486 and leuprolide acetate on uterine artery blood flow in the fibroid uterus: a prospective, randomized study, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 170, 1623, 10.1016/S0002-9378(94)70332-9 Charmandari, 2002, Flutamide decreases cortisol clearance in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87, 3197, 10.1210/jc.87.7.3197