A review on design and testing methodologies of modern freight train draft gear system
Tóm tắt
Rolling stock connection systems are key to running longer and heavier trains as they provide both the connections of vehicles and the damping, providing the longitudinal suspension of the train. This paper focuses on the evolution of both connection and stiffness damping systems. Focus is on freight rolling stock, but passenger draw gears are also examined. It was found that connection systems have evolved from the buff and chain system used in the pioneer railways of the 1800s to the modern auto-coupler connection systems that are in-service worldwide today. Refined versions of the buff and chain coupling are, however, still in use in the EU, UK, South America and India. A wide range of auto-coupler systems are currently utilised, but the AAR coupler (Janney coupler) remains the most popular. A further variation that persists is the SA3 coupler (improved Wilson coupler) which is an alternative auto-coupler design used mainly throughout the former Soviet Union. Restricting the review to auto-coupler systems allowed the paper to focus on draft gears which revealed polymer, polymer-friction, steel spring-friction, hydraulic draft gears and sliding sill cushioning systems. Along with the single compressive draft gear units balanced and floating plate configurations are also presented. Typical draft gear acceptance standards are presented along with modelling that was included to aid in presentation of the functional characteristics of draft gears.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Wikipedia (2020) Railway coupling. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_coupling
McDonald CW (1993) The federal railroad safety program. 100 years of safer railroads. Federal Railway Administration, Washington, DC
Agricola G (1950) De re metallica (trans: Hoover HC, Hoover LH). Translated from the First Latin Edition of 1556. Dover Publications, New York, NY
Waggonway Research Circle (2005) The wollaton wagonway of 1604. Island Publishing, Portland
Wikipedia (2021) List of horse-drawn railways. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_horse-drawn_railways
Wu Q, Cole C, Luo S, Spiryagin M (2014) A review of dynamics modelling of friction draft gear. Veh Syst Dyn 52(6):733–758
Janney EH (1873) Improvement in car-couplings. United States Patent 138405
Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board (RISSB) (2018) AS 7524: coupler and draft gear. Australian standards, Canberra, Australia
AAR Mechanical Division (1986) AAR manual of standards and recommended practices, Chapter II. Section 2.1. Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
Wikipedia (2020) Buffers and chain coupler. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffers_and_chain_coupler
Miller (1866) Miller and hook platform. United States Patent US56594A
Wikipedia (2021) Railway coupling by country. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_coupling_by_country
Wikipedia (2021) SA3 coupler. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA3_coupler
European Commission (2020) FR8RAIL: Development of functional requirements for sustainable and attractive European rail freight. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/730617. Accessed 30 June 2020
Funke U (2017) Development of functional requirements for sustainable and attractive european rail freight. D5.1 – state of the art on automatic couplers. FR8RAIL, Luxembourg, Germany
Shif2Rail (2020) Digitalization and automation of freight rail. https://projects.shift2rail.org/s2r_ip5_n.aspx?p=FR8RAIL%20ii. Accessed 30 June 2020
Öngüner E, Henning A (2020) Digitalization and automation of freight rail. Deliverable D1.2 - automatic coupling, running gear and wagon design. FR8RAIL II, Horizon 2020 - european union funding for research and innvovation
Miner Enterprise Inc. (2020) Crown SG-M901G/Group K-Draft Gears. https://www.minerent.com/products/dg_CrownSG.php
Miner Enterprises Inc. (2013) Reconditioned draft gear guidelines. https://www.minerent.com/pdf/Recon_Draft_Gear_Poster.pdf
Sigra Technology Australia Pty Ltd (2020) Draft Gear Classification Guidelines (2020) http://www.sigrail.com/Draft
Cole C, Spiryagin M, Bosomworth C (2017) Examining longitudinal train dynamics in ore car tipplers. Veh Syst Dyn 55(4):534–551
Bills J, Entwistle R (2012) Improvements to train positioning velocity profiles. In: CORE 2012: global perspectives; conference on railway engineering, 10–12 September 2012, Brisbane, Australia. Engineers Australia, p 21
National Standards of the Russian Federation (2014) GOST 32913 - devices absorbing coupling and automatic couplers of railway rolling stock Technical requirements and acceptance rules (Reissue). Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
Koturanov VA (2014) Substantiation of indicators characterizing the innovativeness of automatic coupler draft gear structures under conditions of shunting collisions. State University of Railways, Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation (MIIT), Moscow, Russia
Crown SE™-M901E/Group J-Draft Gears- Miner Enterprises Inc. (2020) https://www.minerent.com/products/dg_CrownSE.php
Miner Enterprises Inc. (2016) TF-880™-M901E / Group J-Draft Gears | Miner Enterprises, Inc. Miner Enterprises, Geneva, IL
Miner Enterprises Inc. (2017) SL-76™-M901E | Miner Enterprises, Inc. Miner Enterprises, Geneva, IL
Miner Enterprises Inc. (2013) MINER TP-17 Draft Gear. Miner Enterprises, Geneva, IL
Indian Railways (2017) Upgraded high tensile centre buffer coupler. Research Designs and Standards Organisation, New Delhi
The Association of American Railroads (2012) Manual of standards and recommended practices - section B. Freight car draft components. The Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China (2006) TB/T 1961–2006 Draft gears for locomotives and cars. Beijing, China
National Standards of the Russian Federation (2012) GOST P 55185 - Parts and assembly units of coupling and auto coupling units of Railway rolling stock. Parts and assembly units of coupler and automatic coupler devices of railway rolling stock. Test methods. Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
Spiryagin M, Cole C, Sun YQ, McClanachan M, Spiryagin V, McSweeney T (2014) Design and simulation of rail vehicles. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Association of American Railroads (2011) Manual of standards and recommended practices - section S-III. Coupler and yoke details. Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
Association of American Railroads (2012) Manual of standards and recommended practices section B. Freight car draft components. Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC
Cole C, Spiryagin M, Wu Q, Sun YQ (2017) Modelling, simulation and applications of longitudinal train dynamics. Veh Syst Dyn 55(10):1498–1571
Sigra Technology Australia Pty Ltd (2020) Sigra rollingstock- draft gear. http://www.sigrail.com/draft_gear.html
Amsted Rail (2018) Endurance 325 friction draft gear. Chicago, IL
Bradken (2016) Heavy haul solutions - intermodal wagons. Bradken, Mayfield West, Australia
Birkin D, Constable T, Cole C, Bosomworth C (2014) Reduction of low frequency linear vibrations in long heavy haul consists. CORE 2014: Rail Transport For A Vital Economy:732
Cole C, Spiryagin M, Wu Q, Bosomworth C (2016) Modelling issues in passenger draft gear connections. In: The dynamics of vehicles on roads and tracks. In: Proceedings of the 24th symposium of the international association for vehicle system dynamics (IAVSD 2015), Graz, Austria, 17–21 August 2015. CRC Press, London
Cole C, Spiryagin M, Wu Q (2019) Modelling complex series combinations of draft gear springs. Paper presented at the IAVSD international symposium on dynamics of vehicles on roads and tracks, Gothenburg, Sweden, 12–16 August, 2019
Wu Q (2016) Optimisations of draft gear designs for heavy haul trains. Dissertation, Central Queensland University, Australia, Rockhampton
Wu Q, Yang X, Cole C, Luo S (2016) Modelling polymer draft gears. Veh Syst Dyn 54(9):1208–1225
Oleo International (2020) Oleo hydraulic draft gear. https://www.oleo.co.uk/products/rail/draft-gear
Zenert M (2003) Freight car draft arrangements. Wabtec Corporation, Wilmerding, PA
Wabtec Corporation (2020) Draft Gears - Mark 50. https://www.wabtec.com/products/1625/draft-gears-mark-50
Cardwell Westinghouse (2020) Cardwell Westinghouse products. https://www.wabtec.com/business-units/cardwell-westinghouse/products
Escorts (2018) Transformation through engineering and innovation couplers. Esorts Railway Equipment Division, Haryana, India
Amsted Rail (2020) Draft sills and draft gear. https://www.amstedrail.com/products/freight-car-components/draft-sills-and-draft-gear/
Polach O, Berg M, Iwnicki S (2019) Simulation of railway vehicle dynamics. In: Handbook of Railway vehicle dynamics, 2nd Edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Iler D (2018) End-of car energy management system for railcars. USA Patent US 10086852 B2
Ring M, Sunde J (2017) Cushioning apparatus for a railway car. USA Patent US 10308263 B1
Wu Q, Spiryagin M, Cole C (2015) Advanced dynamic modelling for friction draft gears. Veh Syst Dyn 53(4):475–492
Wu Q, Spiryagin M, Cole C et al (2017) International benchmarking of longitudinal train dynamics simulators: results. Veh Syst Dyn 56(3):343–365
Spiryagin M, Wu Q, Cole C (2017) International benchmarking of longitudinal train dynamics simulators: benchmarking questions. Veh Syst Dyn 55(4):450–463
Cole C (2006) Handbook of Railway vehicle dynamics, S Iwnicki (ed). Taylor & Francis, London, UK
Cole C, Spiryagin M, Wu Q, Bosomworth C (2017) Practical modelling and simulation of polymer draft gear connections. In: Paper presented at the first international conference on rail transportation, Chengdu, China
Wagner S (2004) Derailment risk assessment. Dissertation, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
Duncan I, Webb P (1989) The longitudinal behaviour of heavy haul trains using remote locomotives. In: The fourth international heavy haul railway conference, Brisbane, Australia, 1989. Institution of Engineers, Australia, p 587
Cole CR (1999) Longitudinal train dynamics: characteristics, modelling, simulation and neural network prediction for Central Queensland coal trains. PhD, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
Kovalev R, Sakalo A, Yazykov V, Shamdani A, Bowey R, Wakeling C (2016) Simulation of longitudinal dynamics of a freight train operating through a car dumper. Veh Syst Dyn 54(6):707–722
Cole CR, Sun YQ, Spiryagin M (2015) Longitudinal train dynamics during indexer train unloading operations. International Heavy Haul Association, Virginia Beach, USA
Zhou P, Pudney P, Howlett P (2013) In-train forces from energy-efficient driving strategies. In: 22nd national conference of the Australian society for operations research, Adelaide, Australia, 1–6 December, 2013
Wu Q, Spiryagin M, Cole C (2016) Longitudinal train dynamics: an overview. Veh Syst Dyn 54(12):1688–1714