A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of harm reduction strategies for alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Erickson, 1995, Harm reduction: what it is and is not, Drug Alcohol Rev, 14, 283, 10.1080/09595239500185361
Riley, 2000, Harm reduction: national and international perspectives, 1
Hamilton, 2004, Drug use in Australia: preventing harm, 129
Hunt N. A review of the evidence-base for harm reduction approaches to drug use. Forward thinking on drugs 2003 http:www.forward-thinking-on-drugs.orgreview2-print.html
Lenton, 1998, The definition of harm reduction, Drug Alcohol Rev, 17, 213, 10.1080/09595239800187011
Heather, 1995, Groundwork for a research programme on harm reduction in alcohol and drug treatment, Drug Alcohol Rev, 1, 331, 10.1080/09595239500185431
National Health and Medical Council of Australia, 2000, How to use the evidence: assessment and application of scientific evidence
Babor, 2003, Alcohol: No ordinary commodity: research and public policy, 10.1093/oso/9780192632616.001.0001
Marsh, 1992, Drinking and public disorder
Tomsen, 1997, A top night out: social protest, masculinity, and the culture of drinking violence, Br J Criminol, 37, 990, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014152
Homel, 1992, Public drinking and violence: not just an alcohol problem, J Drug Issues, 22, 679, 10.1177/002204269202200315
Wells, 1998, The good, the bad, and the ugly’: responses by security staff to aggressive incidents in public drinking settings, J Drug Issues, 28, 817, 10.1177/002204269802800401
Homel, 1994, The prediction and prevention of violence in pubs and clubs, Crime Prev Stud, 3, 1
Hauritz, 1998, An evaluation of the local government safety action projects in Cairns, Townsville and Mackay. Report to the Queensland Department of Health, the Queensland Police Service and the Criminology Research Council
Homel, 1997, Preventing alcohol-related crime through community action: the Surfers Paradise safety action project, Crime Prev Stud, 7, 35
Warburton, 2000, Effectiveness of toughened glassware in terms of reducing injury in bars: a randomized controlled trial, Injury Prev, 6, 36, 10.1136/ip.6.1.36
Foon, 1988, The effectiveness of drinking-driving treatment programs: a critical review, Int J Addict, 23, 151, 10.3109/10826088809085113
Mann, 1983, A critical review on the effectiveness of drink-driving rehabilitation programs, Accid Anal Prev, 15, 441, 10.1016/0001-4575(83)90029-5
Wells-Parker, 1995, Final results from a meta-analysis of remedial interventions with drink/drive offenders, Addiction, 90, 907, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1995.tb03500.x
Beirness, 2001, Best practices for alcohol interlock programs
Martin, 2004, Tobacco harm reduction: what do the experts think, Tob Control, 13, 123, 10.1136/tc.2003.006346
Borland, 1999, Opportunities for harm minimization in tobacco control, Drug Alcohol Rev, 18, 345, 10.1080/09595239996518
Warner, 2002, Tobacco harm reduction: promise and perils, Nicotine Tob Res, 4, S61, 10.1080/1462220021000032825
Stratton, 2001, Clearing the smoke: the science base for tobacco harm reduction- executive summary, Tob Control, 10, 189, 10.1136/tc.10.2.189
Pierce, 2002, Harm reduction or harm maintenance, Nicotine Tob Res, 4, S53, 10.1080/1462220021000032834
Fox, 2002, Tobacco harm reduction: a call to address the ethical dilemmas, Nicotine Tob Res, 4, S81, 10.1080/1462220021000032861
Joseph, 2004, Community tobacco control leaders' perceptions of harm reduction, Tob Control, 13, 108, 10.1136/tc.2003.004242
Gray, 2005, Time to change attitudes to tobacco: product regulation over five years, Addiction, 100, 575, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01007.x
Liberman, 2003, Where to for tobacco regulation: time for new approaches, Drug Alcohol Rev, 22, 461, 10.1080/09595230310001613985
Shiffman, 2002, Tobacco harm reduction: conceptual structure and nomenclature for analysis and research, Nicotine Tob Res, 4, S113, 10.1080/1462220021000032717
Breland, 2003, Tobacco specific nitrosamines and potential reduced exposure products for smokers: a preliminary evaluation of Advance, Tob Control, 12, 317, 10.1136/tc.12.3.317
Fagerstrom, 2002, Long-term effects of the Eclipse cigarette substitute and the nicotine inhaler in smokers not interested in quitting, Nicotine Tob Res, 4, S141, 10.1080/1462220021000032771
Critchley, 2004, Is smokeless tobacco a risk factor for coronary heart disease? A systematic review of epidemio-logical studies, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab, 11, 101, 10.1097/01.hjr.0000114971.39211.d7
Henningfield, 2001, Swedish Match Company, Swedish snus and public health: a harm reduction experiment in progress, Tob Control, 10, 253, 10.1136/tc.10.3.253
Gray, 2004, A long-term view of harm reduction, Nicotine Tob Res, 6, 759, 10.1080/1462220042000274248
Normand, 1995, Preventing HIV transmission: the role of sterile needles and bleach
Vlahov, 1997, Reductions in high-risk drug use behaviors among participants in the Baltimore needle exchange program, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 16, 400, 10.1097/00042560-199712150-00014
Watters, 1994, Syringe and needle exchange as HIV/AIDS prevention for injection drug users, JAMA, 271, 115, 10.1001/jama.1994.03510260047027
Keene, 1993, Evaluation of syringe-exchange for HIV prevention among injecting drug users in rural and urban areas of Wales, Addiction, 8, 1063, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02125.x
Frischer, 1993, Discriminating needle exchange attenders from non-attenders, Addiction, 88, 681, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02081.x
Cox, 2005, Syringe exchanges: a public health response to problem drug use, Irish Med J, 98, 143
Bluthenthal, 2000, The effect of syringe exchange use on high-risk injection drug users: a cohort study, AIDS, 14, 605, 10.1097/00002030-200003310-00015
Hutchinson, 2000, Factors associated with injecting risk behaviour among serial community-wide samples of injecting drug users in Glasgow 1990-94: implications for control and prevention of blood-borne viruses, Addiction, 95, 931, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9569319.x
Hagan, 2000, Changes in injection risk behavior associated with participation in the Seattle needle-exchange program, J Urban Health, 77, 369, 10.1007/BF02386747
Gibson, 2002, Two- to sixfold decreased odds of HIV risk behavior associated with use of syringe exchange, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 31, 237, 10.1097/00126334-200210010-00015
Bailey, 2003, The use of needle exchange by young injection drug users, J Acqir Immune Defic Syndr, 34, 67, 10.1097/00126334-200309010-00010
Sears, 2001, Investigation of a secondary syringe exchange program for homeless young adult injection drug users in San Francisco, California, U.S.A, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 27, 193, 10.1097/00126334-200106010-00015
Cross, 1998, The effectiveness of educational and needle exchange programs: a meta-analysis of HIV prevention strategies for injecting drug users, Quality Quantity, 3, 165, 10.1023/A:1004398707484
Ksobiech, 2003, A meta-analysis of needle sharing, lending, and borrowing behaviors of needle exchange program attenders, AIDS Educ Prev, 15, 257, 10.1521/aeap.15.4.257.23828
Jarlais, 1996, HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes, Lancet, 348, 987, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02536-6
Kaplan, 1992, HIV prevalence among intravenous drug users: model-based estimates from New Haven's legal needle exchange, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 5, 163
Vlahov, 1998, The role of needle exchange programs in HIV prevention, Public Health Rep, 113, 75
Monterroso, 2000, Prevention of HIV infection in street-recruited injection drug users, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 25, 63, 10.1097/00126334-200009010-00009
Goldberg, 2001, Trends in HCV prevalence among injecting drug users in Glasgow and Edinburgh during the era of needle/syringe exchange, Scand J Infect Dis, 33, 457, 10.1080/00365540152029936
Vickerman, 2002, The impact of an HIV prevention intervention for injecting drug users in Svetlogorsk, Belarus: model predictions, Int J Drug Policy, 13, 149, 10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00071-3
MacDonald, 2003, Effectiveness of needle and syringe programmes for preventing HIV transmission, Int J Drug Policy, 14, 353, 10.1016/S0955-3959(03)00133-6
Pollack, 2001, Cost-effectiveness of harm reduction in preventing hepatitis C among injection drug users, Med Decis Making, 21, 357, 10.1177/0272989X0102100502
Raboud, 2003, The impact of needle-exchange programs on the spread of HIV among injection drug users: a simulation study, J Urban Health, 80, 302, 10.1093/jurban/jtg033
Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2002, Return on investment in needle and syringe programs in Australia
Lurie, 1998, An economic analysis of needle exchange and pharmacy-based programs to increase sterile syringe availability for injection drug users, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 18, S126, 10.1097/00042560-199802001-00021
Holtgrave, 1998, Cost and cost-effectiveness of increasing access to sterile syringes and needles as an HIV prevention intervention in the United States, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 18, S133, 10.1097/00042560-199802001-00022
Laufer, 2001, Cost-effectiveness of syringe exchange as an HIV prevention strategy, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 28, 273, 10.1097/00042560-200111010-00012
Reid, 2000, A benefit-cost analysis of syringe exchange programs, J Health Soc Policy, 11, 41, 10.1300/J045v11n04_03
Paone, 1995, Syringe exchange: HIV prevention, key findings, and future directions, Int J Addict, 30, 1647, 10.3109/10826089509104419
Ameijden, 2001, Large decline in injecting drug use in Amsterdam, 1986-1998: explanatory mechanisms and determinants of injecting transitions, J Epidemiol Commun Health, 55, 356, 10.1136/jech.55.5.356
Fisher, 2003, Needle exchange and injection drug use frequency: a randomized clinical trial, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 33, 199, 10.1097/00126334-200306010-00014
Friedman, 1999, The message not heard: myth and reality in discussions about syringe exchange, AIDS, 13, 738, 10.1097/00002030-199904160-00022
Oliver, 1992, Impact of a needle exchange program on potentially infectious syringes in public places, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 5, 534, 10.1097/00126334-199205000-00021
Fuller, 2002, Impact of increased syringe access: preliminary findings on injection drug user syringe source, disposal, and pharmacy sales in Harlem, New York, J Am Pharm Assoc, 42
Doherty, 2000, The effect of a needle exchange program on numbers of discarded needles: a 2-year follow-up, Am J Public Health, 90, 936, 10.2105/AJPH.90.6.936
Broadhead, 1999, Termination of an established needle-exchange: a study of claims and their impact, Soc Prob, 46, 48, 10.2307/3097161
Thompson, 2003, Blood-borne viruses and their survival in the environment: is public concern about community needlestick exposures justified, Aust NZ J Public Health, 27, 602, 10.1111/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00606.x
Marx, 2000, Trends in crime and the introduction of a needle exchange program, Am J Public Health, 9, 1933
Galea, 2001, Needle exchange programs and experience of violence in an inner city neighborhood, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 28, 282, 10.1097/00042560-200111010-00014
Strathdee, 1997, Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study, AIDS, 11, F59, 10.1097/00002030-199708000-00001
Bruneau, 1997, High rates of HIV infection among injection drug users participating in needle exchange programs in Montreal: results of a cohort study, Am J Epidemiol, 146, 994, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009240
Schechter, 1999, Do needle exchange programmes increase the spread of HIV among injection drug users?: an investigation of the Vancouver outbreak, AIDS, 13, 16, 10.1097/00002030-199904160-00002
Hagan, 2000, Volunteer bias in nonrandomized evaluations of the efficacy of needle-exchange programs, J Urban Health, 77, 103, 10.1007/BF02350966
Bastos, 2000, Evaluating effectiveness of syringe exchange programmes: current issues and future prospects, Soc Sci Med, 51, 1771, 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00109-X
Marmor, 2000, Drug injection rates and needle-exchange use in New York City, 1991-1996, J Urban Health, 77, 359, 10.1007/BF02386746
Gibson, 2001, Effectiveness of syringe exchange programs in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users, AIDS, 1, 1329, 10.1097/00002030-200107270-00002
Hahn, 2001, Hepatitis C virus infection and needle exchange use among young injection drug users in San Francisco, Hepatology, 34, 180, 10.1053/jhep.2001.25759
Valenciano, 2001, Unsafe injecting practices among attendees of syringe exchange programmes in France, Addiction, 96, 597, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9645978.x
Hope, 2002, Sustained increase in the sharing of needles and syringes among drug users in England and Wales, AIDS, 16, 2494, 10.1097/00002030-200212060-00022
Wood, 2002, Factors associated with persistent high-risk syringe sharing in the presence of an established needle exchange programme, AIDS, 16, 941, 10.1097/00002030-200204120-00021
Patrick, 1997, Determinants of HIV seroconversion in injection drug users during a period of rising prevalence in Vancouver, Int J STD AIDS, 8, 437, 10.1258/0956462971920497
Franken, 1997, Risk contexts and risk behaviors in the Euregion Maas-Rhein: the Boule de Neige intervention for AIDS prevention among drug users, AIDS Educ Prev, 9, 161
World Health Organisation (WHO), 2004, Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users
Wodak, 2005, Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programmes, Int J Drug Policy, 16, 31, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.02.004
World Health Organisation (WHO), 2004, Evidence for action: effectiveness of community-based outreach in preventing HIV/AIDs among injecting drug users
Needle, 2005, Effectiveness of community-based outreach in preventing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users, Int J Drug Policy, 16, 45, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.02.009
Broadhead, 1998, Harnessing peer networks as an instrument for AIDS prevention: results from a peer-driven intervention, Public Health Rep, 113, 42
Latkin, 1998, Outreach in natural settings: the use of peer leaders for HIV prevention among injecting drug users' networks, Public Health Rep, 113, 151
Coyle, 1998, Outreach-based HIV prevention for injecting drug users: a review of published outcome data, Public Health Rep, 113, 19
Latkin, 2003, HIV prevention among drug users: outcome of a network-oriented peer outreach intervention, Health Psychol, 22, 332, 10.1037/0278-6133.22.4.332
Wendell, 2003, Street outreach for HIV prevention: effectiveness of a state-wide programme, Int J STD AIDS, 14, 334, 10.1258/095646203321605549
Wilson, 2003, Preventing HIV in injection drug users: choosing the best mix of interventions for the population, J Urban Health, 80, 465, 10.1093/jurban/jtg046
Pinkerton, 2000, Cost-threshold analyses of the National AIDS Demonstration Research HIV prevention interventions, AIDS, 14, 1257, 10.1097/00002030-200006160-00024
Broadhead, 2002, Safer injection facilities in North America: their place in public policy and health initiatives, J Drug Issues, 32, 329, 10.1177/002204260203200113
Broadhead, 2003, Safer injection sites in New York City: a utilization survey of injection drug users, J Drug Issues, 33, 733, 10.1177/002204260303300311
Wood, 2001, Unsafe injection practices in a cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver: could safer injecting rooms help, Can Med Assoc J, 165, 405
Kerr, 2001, Safe injection facilities in Canada: Is it time, Can Med Assoc J, 165, 436
Kimber, 2003, Drug consumption facilities: an update since 2000, Drug Alcohol Rev, 2, 227, 10.1080/095952301000116951
Dolan, 2000, Drug consumption facilities in Europe and the establishment of supervised injecting centres in Australia, Drug Alcohol Rev, 19, 337, 10.1080/713659379
Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC), 2003, Final report on the evaluation of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MISC) Evaluation Committee
Kerr, 2005, Safer injection facility use and syringe sharing in injection drug users, Lancet, 366, 316, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66475-6
Mattick, 2001, Six month process evaluation report on the medically supervised injecting centre MSIC
Beek, 2003, The Sydney medically supervised injecting centre: a clinical model, J Drug Issues, 33, 625, 10.1177/002204260303300305
Anoro, 2003, Barcelona's safer injection facility-EVA: a harm reduction program lacking official support, J Drug Issues, 33, 689, 10.1177/002204260303300309
Byrne, 2001, Injecting room up and running in Sydney
Zurhold, 2003, Drug consumption rooms in Hamburg, Germany: evaluation of the effects on harm reduction and the reduction of public nuisance, J Drug Issues, 33, 663, 10.1177/002204260303300308
Wood, 2004, Changes in public order after the opening of a medically supervised safer injecting facility for illicit injection drug users, Can Med Assoc J, 172, 731, 10.1503/cmaj.1040774
Hagan, 2002, Supervised injection rooms-prospects and limitations, Int J Drug Policy, 13, 449, 10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00125-1
Wolf, 2003, Drug consumption facilities in the Netherlands, J Drug Issues, 33, 649, 10.1177/002204260303300307
Poel, 2003, Drug consumption rooms in Rotterdam: an explorative description, Eur Addict Res, 9, 94, 10.1159/000068807
Dolan, 2004, Can drug injectors be encouraged to adopt non-injecting routes of administration (NIROA) for drugs, Drug Alcohol Rev, 23, 281, 10.1080/09595230412331289437
Hunt N. Derricott J. Preston A. Stillwell G. Preventing initiation into injecting Exchange Campaigns/Department of Health Website, 2001 www.exchangesupplies.orgcampaignmaterials
Hunt, 1998, Evaluation of a brief intervention to prevent initiation into injecting, Drugs Educ Prev Policy, 5, 185, 10.3109/09687639809006684
Jarlais, 1992, AIDS and the transition to illicit drug injection-results of a randomized trial prevention program, Br J Addict, 87, 493, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01950.x
Casriel, 1990, Working with heroin sniffers: clinical issues in preventing drug injection, J Subst Abuse Treat, 7, 1, 10.1016/0740-5472(90)90031-K
Hunt, 1999, Preventing and curtailing injecting drug use: a review of opportunities for developing and delivering ‘route transition interventions, Drug Alcohol Rev, 1, 441, 10.1080/09595239996310
Aggleton, 2005, HIV/AIDS and injecting drug use: information, education and communication, Int J Drug Policy, 16, 21, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.02.006
Compton, 2000, The effects of psychiatric comorbidity on response to an HIV prevention intervention, Drug Alcohol Depend, 58, 247, 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00097-6
Sterk, 2003, HIV risk reduction among African-American women who inject drugs: a randomized controlled trial, AIDS Behav, 7, 73, 10.1023/A:1022565524508
Cottler, 1998, Peer-delivered interventions to reduce HIV risk behaviors among out-of-treatment drug abusers, Public Health Rep, 113, 31
Colon, 1993, Effects of a HIV risk reduction education program among injection drug users in Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Health Sci J, 12, 27
Hershberger, 2003, A cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce HIV risk behaviors in crack and injection drug users, AIDS Behav, 7, 229, 10.1023/A:1025487501743
Tucker, 2004, Randomized controlled trial of a brief behavioural intervention for reducing hepatitis C virus risk practices among injecting drug users, Addiction, 99, 1157, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00809.x
Prendergast, 2001, Meta-analysis of HIV risk-reduction interventions within drug abuse treatment programs, J Consult Clin Psychol, 69, 389, 10.1037/0022-006X.69.3.389
Marsch, 2004, Efficacy of computer-based HIV/AIDS education for injection drug users, Am J Health Behav, 28, 316, 10.5993/AJHB.28.4.3
Martin, 2001, Outcomes of a health education intervention in a sample of patients infected by HIV, most of them injection drug users: possibilities and limitations, AIDS Care, 13, 467, 10.1080/09540120120057996
Rawlings, 2003, Impact of an educational program on efficacy and adherence with a twice-daily lamivudine/zidovudine/abacavir regimen in underrepresented HIV-infected patients, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 34, 174, 10.1097/00126334-200310010-00007
Stein, 2002, A brief intervention for hazardous drinkers in a needle exchange program, J Subst Abuse Treat, 22, 23, 10.1016/S0740-5472(01)00207-0
Dunn, 2001, The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioral domains: a systematic review, Addiction, 9, 1725, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961217253.x
Baker, 1993, Evaluation of a cognitive behavioral intervention for HIV prevention among injecting drug-users, AIDS, 7, 247, 10.1097/00002030-199302000-00014
Baker, 1994, Controlled evaluation of a brief intervention for HIV prevention among injecting drug-users not in treatment, AIDS Care, 6, 559, 10.1080/09540129408258670
Sorensen, 1994, Psychoeduca-tional group approach: HIV risk reduction in drug users, AIDS Educ Prev, 6, 95
McMahon, 2001, Effects of a cognitive-behavioral HIV prevention intervention among HIV negative male substance abusers in VA residential treatment, AIDS Educ Prev, 13, 91, 10.1521/aeap.13.1.91.18921
Avants, 2004, Targeting HIV-related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: a randomized clinical trial of a harm reduction group therapy, J Subst Abuse Treat, 26, 67, 10.1016/S0740-5472(03)00159-4
Dietze, 2001, The context, management and prevention of heroin overdose in Victoria, Australia: the promise of a diverse approach, Addict Res Theory, 9, 437, 10.3109/16066350109141763
McGregor C. Hall K. Ali R. It's rarely just the ‘h’: addressing overdose among South Australian heroin users through a process of intersectoral collaboration. Monograph no. 2 (research series). South Australia: Drug and Alchohol Services Council 1999
Ali R. Pulling the strands together: an intersectoral approach to overdose amongst heroin users. Paper presented at the Preventing Heroin Overdose: Pragmatic Approaches, Seattle, USA 2000
Hargreaves, 2002, Potential impacts on the incidence of fatal heroin-related overdose in Western Australia: a time -series analysis, Drug Alcohol Rev, 21, 321, 10.1080/0959523021000023162
Hargreaves, 2003, Naloxone for overdose: consideration of a trial of naloxone provision for peer or worker administration in Victoria, Australia
Hargreaves, 2001, The naloxone feasibility study: a study into the provision of naloxone hydrochloride, for peer administration, as an aid in the prevention of fatal heroin-related overdose
Seal, 2003, Attitudes about prescribing take-home naloxone to injection drug users for the management of heroin overdose: a survey of street-recruited injectors in the San Francisco Bay Area, J Urban Health, 80, 291, 10.1093/jurban/jtg032
Burris, 2001, Legal aspects of providing naloxone to heroin users in the United States, Int J Drug Policy, 12, 237, 10.1016/S0955-3959(01)00080-9
Oldham, 2003, A UK policy o ‘take home naloxone’ for opiate users-strategy or stalemate, Drugs Educ Prev Policy, 10, 105, 10.1080/0968763031000072251
Lenton, 2003, Policy from a harm reduction perspective, Curr Opin Psychiatry, 16, 271, 10.1097/01.yco.0000069082.26384.4a
Strang, 1999, Preventing opiate overdose fatalities with take-home naloxone: pre-launch study of possible impact and acceptability, Addiction, 94, 199, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9421993.x
Dettmer K. Naloxone distribution to drug addicts as a contribution to the prevention of opiate overdose fatalities. Paper presented at the Preventing Heroin Overdose: Pragmatic Approaches, Seattle, USA 2000
Dettmer, 2001, Take home naloxone and the prevention of deaths from opiate overdose: two pilot schemes, BMJ, 322, 895, 10.1136/bmj.322.7291.895
Friedman, 2001, Harm reduction-a historical view from the left, Int J Drug Policy, 12, 3, 10.1016/S0955-3959(01)00063-9
Crofts, 1993, A history of peer-based drug-user groups in Australia, J Drug Issues, 25, 599, 10.1177/002204269502500306
Kerr, 2006, Harm reduction by a ‘user-run’ organization: a case study of the Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU), Int J Drug Policy, 17, 61, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.01.003
Dundes, 2003, DanceSafe and ecstasy: protection or promotion, J Health Social Policy, 17, 19, 10.1300/J045v17n01_02
Kriener, 2001, An inventory of on-site pill-testing interventions in the EU
Kriener H. Schmid R. Check your pills. Check your life. ChEck iT! High quality on-site testing of illicit substances. Information, counselling and safer use measures at raves in Austria 2005 http:www.drugtext.orglibraryarticleskriener.htm
Spruit, 2001, Monitoring synethetic drug markets, trends, and public health, Subst Use Misuse, 36, 23, 10.1081/JA-100000227
Wijngaart, 1999, Ecstasy use at large-scale dance events in the Netherlands, J Drug Issues, 29, 679, 10.1177/002204269902900313
Winstock, 2001, Ecstasy pill testing: harm minimization gone too far, Addiction, 96, 113, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96811397.x
Weinhardt, 1999, Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997, Am J Public Health, 8, 1397, 10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1397
Calsyn, 1992, Ineffectiveness of AIDS education and HIV antibody testing in reducing high-risk behaviors among injection drug users, Am J Public Health, 82, 573, 10.2105/AJPH.82.4.573
Higgins, 1991, Evidence for the effects of HIV antibody counselling and testing on risk behaviour, JAMA, 266, 2419, 10.1001/jama.1991.03470170107033
Wolitski, 1997, The effects of HIV counseling and testing on risk-related practices and help-seeking behavior, AIDS Educ Prev, 9, 52
Ameijden, 1994, Injecting risk behavior among drug users in Amsterdam, 1986 to 1992, and its relationship to AIDS prevention programs, Am J Public Health, 84, 275, 10.2105/AJPH.84.2.275
Aitken, 2002, New Zealand needle and syringe exchange programme review
Vidanapathirana J. Abramson MJ Forbes A. Fairley C. Mass media interventions for promoting HIV testing The Cochrane Collaboration 2005 3
Black, 2004, Supply, demand and harm reduction in Australian prisons-implementation, cost and evaluation
Dolan, 2003, Prison-based syringe exchange programmes: a review of international research and development, Addiction, 98, 153, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00309.x
Goldberg, 1998, A lasting public health response to an outbreak of HIV infection in a Scottish prison, Int J STD AIDS, 9, 25, 10.1258/0956462981920991
Jacob, 2000, The transfer of harm-reduction strategies into prisons: needle exchange programmes in two German prisons, Int J Drug Policy, 11, 325, 10.1016/S0955-3959(00)00050-5
Nelles J. Fuhrer A. Vincenz I. Drug, HIV, and hepatitis prevention in the Realta Cantonal Men's prison: summary of the evaluation. Unpublished report 1999
World Health Organisation (WHO), 2004, Evidence for Action on HIV/AIDS and injecting drug use
Friedman, 2006, Relationships of deterrence and law enforcement to drug-related harms among drug injectors in US metropolitan areas, AIDS, 20, 93, 10.1097/01.aids.0000196176.65551.a3
MacCoun, 2001, Drug war heresies: learning from other vices, times, and places, 10.1017/CBO9780511754272
Wodak, 1997, A tale of two countries: attempts to control HIV among injecting drug users in Australia and the United States, J Drug Issues, 27, 117, 10.1177/002204269702700108
Stimson, 1995, AIDS and injecting drug use in the United Kingdom, 1987-1993: the policy response and the prevention of the epidemic, Soc Sci Med, 41, 699, 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00435-V
Stimson, 1998, Harm reduction in action: putting theory into practice, Int J Drug Policy, 9, 401, 10.1016/S0955-3959(98)00056-5
Hawks, 1995, Harm reduction in Australia: has it worked? A review, Drug Alcohol Rev, 14, 291, 10.1080/09595239500185381
Fischer, 1995, Drugs, communities, and ‘harm reduction’ in Germany: the new relevance of ‘public health’ principles in local responses, J Public Health Policy, 1, 389, 10.2307/3342618
Somaini, 2000, A continuing concern: HIV and hepatitis testing and prevalence among drug users in substitution programmes in Zurich, Switzerland, AIDS Care, 12, 449, 10.1080/09540120050123855
Jarlais, 2004, Informed altruism’ and ‘partner restriction’ in the reduction of HIV infection in injecting drug users entering detoxification treatment in New York City, 1990-2001, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 35, 158
Kumaranayake, 2004, The cost-effectiveness of HIV preventive measures among injecting drug users in Svetlogorsk, Belarus, Addiction, 99, 1565, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00899.x
Hagan, 1999, Syringe exchange and risk of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses, Am J Epidemiol, 149, 203, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009792
Crofts, 1997, Methadone maintenance and hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users, Addiction, 92, 99, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02979.x
Crofts, 1999, The force of numbers: why hepatitis C is spreading among Australian injecting drug users while HIV is not, Med J Aust, 170, 220, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb140325.x
Patrick, 2001, Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users during an outbreak of HIV infection, Can Med Assoc J, 165, 889
Bergeron, 2004, Europeanisation of health policies: issues, challenges, innovations
Bergeron, 2006, Drugs: policy and politics